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    Bazentine Architecture

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    Nidhi Mehta
    The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital. Byzantine architecture combined Greek, Roman, and Eastern influences. It was characterized by massive domes resting on pendentives, square bases, rounded arches, extensive use of glass mosaics and marble. The Greek cross plan became standard for churches, with a central dome. These features, along with brick construction and decorative patterns, defined Byzantine architecture for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

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    Bazentine Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Nidhi Mehta
    79 views22 pages
    The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital. Byzantine architecture combined Greek, Roman, and Eastern influences. It was characterized by massive domes resting on pendentives, square bases, rounded arches, extensive use of glass mosaics and marble. The Greek cross plan became standard for churches, with a central dome. These features, along with brick construction and decorative patterns, defined Byzantine architecture for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

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    The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital. Byzantine architecture combined Greek, Roman, and Eastern influences. It was characterized by massive domes resting on pendentives, square bases, rounded arches, extensive use of glass mosaics and marble. The Greek cross plan became standard for churches, with a central dome. These features, along with brick construction and decorative patterns, defined Byzantine architecture for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    79 views22 pages

    Bazentine Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Nidhi Mehta
    The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital. Byzantine architecture combined Greek, Roman, and Eastern influences. It was characterized by massive domes resting on pendentives, square bases, rounded arches, extensive use of glass mosaics and marble. The Greek cross plan became standard for churches, with a central dome. These features, along with brick construction and decorative patterns, defined Byzantine architecture for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    BYZANTINE

    ARCHITECTURE
    HISTORIC CONTEXT
    • BY THE TIME CONSTANTINE BECAME THE CAESAR OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, THE
    EMPIRE HAD SPLIT IN HALF
    • EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE OF BYZANTIUM, TODAY ISTANBUL
    • WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CENTERED IN ROME, SPEAKING LATIN
    • BYZANTIUM, “NEW ROME”, WAS LATER RENAMED CONSTANTINOPLE AND NOW
    ISTANBUL. THE EMPIRE ENDURED FOR MORE THAN A MILLENNIUM,
    INFLUENCING MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ERA ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE.
    FOLLOWING CAPTURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE OTTOMAN TURKS IN 1453,
    LEADING DIRECTLY TO THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
    • BYZANTINE EMPIRE BECAME STRONG AND STABLE IN THE CENTURY UNDER
    EMPEROR JUSTINIAN
    • LASTED FOR 1000 YEARS; HAS GREAT CULTURAL HISTORY
    • FELL TO THE TURKS IN 1453
    • ITS BOARDERS WERE BREACHED AND THE EMPEROR WAS FORCED TO ABANDON
    ROME, MOVING THE CENTER NORTHWARD, FIRST TO MILAN THEN TO RAVENNA
    • BARBARIANS SPILLED OVER THE REST OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
    • DOZENS OF BARBARIAN KINGDOMS REPLACED THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY OF THE
    ROMAN EMPIRE BY THE END OF THE 6TH CENTURY
    BYZANTINE ARCHITEDTURE

    • CHARACTERIZED BY MASSIVE DOMES WITH


    SQUARES BASED AND ROUNDED ARCHES AND
    SPIRES AND EXTENSIVE USE OF GLASS MOSAICS
    • EARLY BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE AS BUILT AS A
    CONTINUATION OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
    • GREEK CROSS PLAN IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE – A
    CROSS WITH FOUR EQUAL ARMS AT RIGHT ANGLES
    PURPOSE
    • BUILDINGS INCREASED IN GEOMETRIC COMPLEXITY, BRICK AND PLASTER WERE
    USED IN ADDITION TO STONES IN THE DECORATION OF IMPORTANT PUBLIC
    STRUCTURES, CLASSIC ORDERS WERE MORE FREELY
    • MOSAICS REPLACED CARVED DECORATION, COMPLEX DOMES RESTED UPON
    MASSIVE PIERS, AND WINDOWS FILTERED LIGHT THROUGH THIN SHEETS OF
    ALABASTER TO SOFTLY ILLUMINATE INTERIORS.
    GREEK CROSS
    • A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are equal length
    forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the
    common form in the Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern
    Europe and Russia being built in this way
    • Churches often have a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of
    the church
    BYZANTINE DOME CONSTRUCTION
    • DOMED ROOF – MOST DISTINCTIVE FEATURE
    • THE DOME, WHICH HAD ALWAYS BEEN A TRADITIONAL FEATURE IN THE EAST,
    BECAME THE PREVAILING MOTIF OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE WHICH WAS A
    FUSION OF THE DOMICAL.
    • TO ALLOW A DOME TO REST A SQUARE BASE, EITHER OF THE TWO DEVICES WAS
    USED: THE SQUINCH (AN ARCH IN EACH OF THE CORNERS OF A SQUARE BASE
    THAT TRANSFORMS IT INTO AN OCTAGON) OR THE PENDENTIVE.
    • DOMES OF VARIOUS TYPES WERE NOW PLACED OVER SQUARES COMPARTMENTS
    BY MEANS OF “PENDENTIVES”, WHEREAS IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE DOMES
    WERE ONLY USED OVER CIRCULAR OR POLYGONAL STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION
    WITH THE CLASSICAL COLUMNAR STYLE
    • BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE GAVE US THE PENDENTIVE DOMES AND THE DOME ON
    PENDENTIVES
    • THE PENDENTIVE DOME AND THE DOME ON PENDENTIVES PROVIDED THE
    BYZANTINE ARCHITECTS WITH A UNIQUE WAY OF ADJUSTING THE CIRCULAR FORM OF
    A DOME ROOF TO A SQUARE OR POLYGONAL PLAN
    • THE PENDENTIVE DOME IS DERIVED BY TRIMMING THE SIDES OF A REGULAR DOME
    OVER A SQUARE PLAN AS SHOWN IN A.
    • THE PENDENTIVE DOME ENABLES THE TRANSFER THE TOTAL LOAD OF THE DOME TO
    THE FOUR CORNERS OF A BUILDING, MEANING THAT ONLY THE FOUR CORNERS NEED
    TO BE REINFORCED
    • THIS ALLOWS THE DOME ROOF TO BE ADAPTED FOR A SQUARE BUILDING AS SHOWN
    IN B
    •Additionally, the top of the pendentive dome can be trim to introduce another
    dome on top of it as shown in C
    •The additional dome can further be raised to introduce a cylinder between the
    pendentive dome and the additional dome as in D
    •Windows can then be introduced in the cylinder enabling architects to creating
    dazzling interior light effects These domes were frequently constructed of bricks
    or of some light porous stones, such as pumice, or even of pottery
    • Byzantine domes and vaults were believed constructed without temporary
    support or centering by the simple use of large flat bricks and this is quite a
    distinct system probably derived from Eastern methods
    • Byzantine style the exterior closely corresponds with the interior
    MATERIALS USED IN
    CONSTRUCTION
    • THE SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION IN CONCRETE AND BRICKWORK INTRODUCED BY
    THE ROMANS WAS ADOPTED BY THE BYZANTINES
    • THE CARCASS (SKELETON) OF CONCRETE AND BRICKWORK WAS FIRST
    COMPLETED AND ALLOWED TO SETTLE BEFORE THE SURFACE SHEATHING OF
    UNYIELDING MARBLE SLABS WAS ADDED, AND THIS INDEPENDENCE OF THE
    COMPONENT PARTS IS CHARACTERISTIC OF BYZANTINE CONSTRUCTION
    • BRICKWORK LENT ITSELF EXTERNALLY TO DECORATIVE PATTERNS AND BANDING,
    AND INTERNALLY IT WAS SUITABLE FOR COVERING WITH MARBLE, MOSAIC, AND
    FRESCO DECORATION
    • THE ORDINARY BRICKS WERE LIKE THE ROMAN. ABOUT AN INCH AND HALF IN
    DEPTH, AND WERE LAID ON THICK BEDS OF MORTAR
    • BRICKWORK NECESSITATED SPECIAL CARE IN MAKING MORTAR, WHICH WAS
    COMPOSED OF LIME AND SAND WITH CRUSHED POTTERY, TILES, OR BRICKS, AND
    MUCH OF T REMAINS AS HARD AS THE BEST BUILDINGS OF ROME, WHILE THE
    CORE OF THE WALL WAS SOMETIMES OF CONCRETE, AS IN THE ROMAN PERIOD
    • THE DECORATIVE CHARACTER OF EXTERNAL FACADES DEPENDED LARGELY ON
    THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE FACING BRICKS, WHICH WERE NOT ALWAYS LAID
    HORIZONTALLY, BUT SOMETIMES OBLIQUELY, SOMETIMES IN THE FORM OF THE
    MEANDER FRET, SOMETIMES IN THE CHEVRON OR HERRINGBONE PATTERN, AND
    IN MANY OTHER SIMILAR DESIGNS, GIVING GREAT VARIETIES TO THE
    • AND ATTEMPT WAS ALSO MADE TO ORNAMENT
    THE ROUGH BRICK EXTERIORS BY THE USE OF
    STONE BANDS AND DECORATIVE ARCHES
    • WALLS WERE SHEETED INTERNALLY WITH
    MARBLE AND VAULTS AND DOMES WITH
    COLORED GLASS MOSAICS ON A GOLDEN
    BACKGROUND
    FEATURES OF BYZANTINE
    ARCHITECTURE
    • GREEK ROMAN AND ORIENTAL ELEMENTS IN
    ARCHITECTURE AND ITS DECORATION
    • GRECO-ROMAN COLUMNS , ARCHES, VAULTS, DOMES
    OVER SQUARE BASES
    • ORIENTAL (EASTERN) RICH ORNAMENTATION, RICH USE
    OF COLOR, MOSAICS POLY CHROMES MARBLE AND
    STONE WORK PLAY OF LIGHT INDOORS
    Typical byzantine church
    Examples of byzantine architecture
    • HAGIA SOPHIA
    • BASILICA OF SANT' APOLLINARE NUOVO
    • BASILICA OF SAN VITALE
    • HAGIA IRENE
    • HIPPODROME OF CONSTANTINOPLE
    • DAPHNI MONASTERY
    • CHURCH OF SAINT CATHERINE (THESSALONIKI)

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