Kuliah Antibiotik Golongan Beta Laktam
Kuliah Antibiotik Golongan Beta Laktam
Kuliah Antibiotik Golongan Beta Laktam
H H
R C NH
S
N
R'
O
COOH
The mechanism of antibacterial action
β-lactamase
Class A : penicillin, cephal
Class B Zn 2+ dependent enzyme
Class C cephal
Class D cloxacillin
class A,D dapat dicegah dg penambahan clavulanate,
tazobactam
Kestabilan dipengaruhi
●
Asam lambung
●
Enzim penisilinase ( beta laktamase )
●
exteded to
●
extended to Pseudomonas,
●
highly active ●
(methi(-), gram – Enterobacter,
for gram + naf,oxa, cloxa (H.influenzae, Proteus spp. ●
Pseudomonas,
cocci ●
less potent, 1st E. coli, ●
inferior to ampi
Klebsiella,
●
hydrolyzed by choise for Preoteus (cocci, Listeria
gram-
penicillinase S.aureus, mirabilis) + monocytogenes
- S. aureus S.epidermidis clavulanate/sal ), less active to
bactam pipera
(pseudomonas)
Farmakokinetik Penisilin
Absorbsi
●
Rusak dalam suasana asam (pH 2).
●
Garam Na penisilin G diabsorpsi di duodenum dgn cepat : 1/3 bg dosis oral, 2/3 ke kolon,
dipecah bakteri, sbg kecil keluar dg feses.
●
Makanan dlm sal cerna menghambat absorpsi.
●
Kadar max dlm darah 30 – 60 menit.
●
Penisilin G tdk dianjurkan per oral.
●
IM cepat diabsorpsi, kadar max 15 – 30 menit.
●
ex : penisilin G benzatin, penisilin G prokain sbg suspensi air/minyak
●
Absorpsi ampisilin oral tdk lbh baik dr penisilin V.
●
Makanan menghambat absorpsi obat.
●
Absorpsi Amoksisilin lebih baik. Tdk dipengaruhi makanan.
Farmakokinetik Penisilin
Distribusi
●
Penisilin G didistribusi luas dlm tubuh.
●
Ikatan protein 65 %.
●
Kadar obat yg memadai tercapai dlm organ tubuh, kecuali dlm CSS.
●
Perbedaan nyata dlm hal ikatan protein plasma. Tertinggi Penisilin isoksazolil.
●
Ampisilin didistribusi luas dlm tubuh, ikatan protein plasma 20 %. Dpt mencapai
CSS
●
Amoksisilin didistribusi sama dgn ampisilin
Farmakokinetik Penisilin
Biotransformasi &
Ekskresi
●
Biotransformasi penisilin oleh mikroba dengan enzim penisilinase &
amidase.
●
Penisilinase : Pemecahan Cincin Beta Laktam, shg hilang aktivitas
antimikrobanya.
●
Amidase : memecah rantai samping, shg potensi antimikroba menurun.
●
Yg tahan penisilinase : penisilin isoksazolil, metisilin, nafsilin.
●
Tdk ada yg tahan amidase.
Farmakokinetik Penisilin
Ekskresi
●
Penisilin diekskresi melalui sekresi di tubulus ginjal, dpt dihambat
probenesid.
●
T1/2 eliminasi penisilin dlm darah diperpanjang probenesid 2-3 kali lbh lama.
●
Obat yg meningkatkan T1/2 penisilin : fenilbutazon, sulfinpirazon, asetosal,
indometasin.
●
Kegagalan ginjal menghambat sekresi penisilin.
Penicillins G Benzathine – antimicrobial spectrum
Infection of streptococcus
Neisseria meningitidis
Spirochete*
Enterococci**
Listeria**
Actinomyces
Erysipelothrix spp.
Pasterurella multocida*
Penicillins G Benzathine – Clinical usage
Prevention
Pharyngitis,
IM Diphtheria Syphilis rheumatic
tonsilitis
fever
●
Mild-
moderate ●
S.Pyogene ●
Adult 1.2
●
Adult 1.2 ●
Adult 2.4
inf. s (adult 1.2 mu every
mu SD mu SD
●
Low cons. mu) 3-4 w
penicillin
Penicillins G Benzathine - Pharmacokinetics
Aktivitas Antibacterial :
Sangat aktif thd S. Aureus dengan penicillinase
Staphylococcus epidermidis
kurang aktif thd Listeria , enterococcus spp.
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Oxacillin)
Antibacter Therapeutic
ial activity uses
●
Gram +, - ●
Upper respiratory infection
●
Meningococci, L.monocytogenes
●
H.Influenzae S.pyogenes. S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae
●
Enterococci ampicillin dua kali lbh kuat dr
●
Urinary tract infection
Penicillin G Enterobacteriaceae , E.coli
●
E.coli, Proteus mirabillis, Salmonella, ●
Meningitis S.pneumoniae,
Shigella 1960
●
30-50% resisten E.coli
N.meningitidis, L.monocytogenes
●
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia resisten
●
Salmonella infection
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
pharmacok
uses inetics
●
Oral 4:1, 7:1, 14:1
●
Oral –peak serum 1-
●
otitis media, sinusitis, skin 2.5 h
inf. UTI
●
Gram - cellulitis, impetigo,
●
Dist-lung, pleural
bronchopneumonia fluid, saliva
●
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis ●
T1/2 1-1.3 h
Jenis Penisilin Cara pemberian Dosis rata2 harian pada orang
dewasa
I. Penisilin G
Penisilin G IM 1-4 Mega U.I.
II. Penisilin oral yang tidak stabil atau kecil stabilitasnya thd penisilinase
●
Haemophilus ●
Infeksi saluran
●
POSefaklor,sefur influenzae
nafas:
oksim aksetil ●
E.Coli
S.pneumoniae
●
Parenteral ●
Klebsiella ●
Infeksi gram-:
sefoksitin,sefuroks ●
Proteus
intra-abdominal
im natrium ●
Moraxella
inf., db foot inf
catarralis
Sefalosporin generasi ketiga
Aktivitas
Conto antimikro Penggun
h ba aan klinis
Sefdinir, sefditoren,
● Enterobacter,
● ●
Gonorrhea
sefiksim, sefoperazon, Serratia, ●
Lyme disease
sefotaksim,
P.aeruginosa,
sefpodoksim,
Neisseria,
●
Meningitis
seftazidim, seftibuten,
seftizoksim, S.aureus, penetrasi
seftriakson.
S.pneumonia CSF
Sefalosporin generasi keempat
Penggun
Cont aan
oh Klinis
Terapi empirik
●
●
cefep infeksi
nosokomial :
Enterobacter,
ine Citrobacter,
Serratia spp.
β laktam – inhibitor sintesis peptidoglikan
β laktam
Penisilin
Penisilin G &
resisten Ampisilin dll Sefalosporin Carbapenem
V
penisilinase
Drug
interaction
Soal
1. Mekanisme kerja beta laktam
2. Mekanisme resistensi betalaktam
3. Tujuan kombinasi amoxicillin –clavulanate
4. 4 generasi sefalosporin, perbedaan, contoh
5. Efek samping penggunaan obat antiboitik
gol.betalaktam