DWDM Basic Knowledge

Content

 Basic knowledge

 Node Model

 Optical Line

 Transmit & Receive

2
 What’ the WDM?
My English name is “Wavelength Division Multiplexing”. Abbreviation is “WDM”.
• Recall back the physics class material: Newton's prism experiment

Dispersion Spectrum
The phenomenon where prism separates the white light
into a variety of monochromatic light is called as Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue,
dispersion (definition: Color dispersed) purple color arrangement are called
spectrum.
Optical reversibility
1）White light (also known as gray light / white light) can be decomposed into different colors of
monochromatic light;
2）Monochromatic lights can be combined into white light;
How to separate white light?
Colored lights refracted at different angles respectively, this will result in separated color spectrum.
The wavelength related with the refractive index. The refractive index is different at the different wavelength .

3
WDM System is Similar with the Highway

4
 WDM System is Similar with the Highway

10G Gas Station

40G Highway

100G

Patrol Car
A fiber with multiple channels vs multiple lane highway
Two fibers vs Two lanes
Signal/Small Car ;OLA /Gas Station ;OSC/Patrol Car

5
 WDM Fundamentals
Single-fiber unidirectional
MUX DMUX

M
O 4 0 O
T 0 4 T
U M U
Gray Light Colored Light Colored Light Gray Light

DWDM:
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
CWDM:
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Definition: multiplexing optical signals of different wavelengths into a single fiber for transmission is known as wavelength division
multiplexing; the transmitting MUX device will multiplex different wavelength into one optical fiber transmission, vice versa for the
receiving DMUX.

6
WDM Main Components

OTU OTU
O O
OTU M OA A OTU
/ /
OTU O O OTU
A D
OSC OSC OSC

 40 channels WDM system components are:

 Optical Transport unit (OTU);
 WDM: De-multiplexer / Multiplexer (ODU/OMU);
 Optical Amplifier(BA/LA/PA);
 Optical/Electrical Supervisory Channel(OSC/ESC).

7
WDM Value: Reach directly in Optical Layer

10G ADM REG REG REG REG ADM

...
...

...

...
...

...
...
...

...
...
...
...
REG REG REG
10G ADM REG ADM

ADM 10G 80 * 10G/40G/100G ADM

...

...
...

...
10G DWDM OA OA OA DWDM
ADM ADM

10GE/100GE Replaced REG with OLA！ 10GE/100GE

8
 Why WDM is so Important?
Wavelength Number:
32/40 80/96 160/192…
High  Line Rate:
capacity 2.5G/10G 40G 100G 400G/1T

WDM
Transparent Low
Transparent Transmi cost
Transmission t Using OLA station to replace REG
High efficiency
One for All & All in One

WDM is the only high-capacity long-haul transmission solution

WDM signals can achieve "transparent" transmission
Low-cost OLA station is used to replace REG station. Low Cost!

9
 The Structure of Fiber

Coating

Cladding n2

d2 d1 Fiber-Core n1

Cladding n2

Coating

The Structure of Fiber

Fiber is made up of cylindrical glass fiber core and glass cladding, the outermost layer is a kind of
elastic resistive sheath. And it is cylindrical in shape.
Question: The refractive index of fiber core n1 and cladding refractive index n2, which one is
greater?

10
 The Principle of Transmission in Fiber

refraction A2
n2 cladding n2
θ n1

n1 fiber core A1
n1>n2
total sheath
n1*Sin A1= n2*Sin A2
reflection refraction law and SinAc=n2/n1
total reflection law So: A1 > = Ac
The refractive index of fiber core n1 is greater than the cladding refractive index n2, it is
necessary for optical signals in the fiber transmission.

11
 Single Mode Fiber / Multimode Fiber
According to the number of transmission mode, fibers are divided into single mode fiber
and multimode fiber.
When the physical dimension of fiber core is much bigger than the light wavelength, the
light in the fiber waveguide will spread to dozens or more on propagation mode, this kind
of fiber is called a multimode fiber. The fiber core of multimode fiber is thick, the diameter
is usually around 50 um;
When the physical dimension of fiber core is similar to the light wavelength, fiber allows
only one model to spread, the higher order mode were cutoff, this kind of fiber is called
single-mode fiber. The fiber core of single mode fiber is very fine, the diameter is between
5- 10 um.
Two kinds of fiber have little differences in appearance, both the fiber diameter are less
than 1 mm including plastic sheath.

WDM system uses single mode fiber ！

12
Fiber Attenuation Characteristics
The fiber attenuation or loss is a very important feature which is constraint to the spread of
optical signals. The loss of the fiber limits the transmission distance of optical signals. The
losses of the fiber mainly are absorption loss , scattering loss and bending loss.

Fiber absorption loss is due to the fiber materials, including ultraviolet absorption,
infrared absorption and impurity absorption.

The uneven material is going to bring about the light scattering loss which is called Rayleigh
scattering loss. Rayleigh scattering loss is the intrinsic loss of silica fiber material;

The bending of the fiber will cause bending loss.

Fiber attenuation is mainly composed of absorption loss and

scattering loss

13
 Curve of Attenuation Variety (Attenuation Spectrum)

Different wavelengths, different loss: 850/1310/1550nm is usually called "the first/second/third window”;
 The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is called "water peak".
 ITU-T divides the band of fiber which is higher than 1260nm as O、E、S、C、L、U band;
 As we can see, the attenuation in C band and L band is the lowest. We choose C(1525nm-1565nm) and
L(1565-1625nm) band for DWDM system.

14
 Window Range

band state range（nm） bandwidth（nm）

O original 1260~1360 100
E extend 1360~1460 100
S short wavelength 1460~1525 65
C conventional wavelength 1525~1565 40
L long wavelength 1565~1625 60
U ultra long wavelength 1625~1675 50

The transmission attenuation of C band and L band is minimum, so we choose C and band L band for
optical signal in DWDM system, and finally, we found C band is the best one.
SDH/PTN/Router use O band1310nm window when short distance transmission and use C band 1550nm
window when long distance transmission;
Because of the short distance transmission, attenuation is not the main limiting factor of CWDM
transmission. So optical signals can be transmitted on multi-span(1311~1611nm）

15
CWDM, Usually as 8 Wavelengths System
• ITU-T 694.2 defines18 wavelengths in CWDM system, wavelength interval is 20nm
1)The
Fiber Attenuation (dB/km)
光纤固有的 8 wavelengths in commercial used
1.0
attenuatio 水峰
衰减曲线
Considering CWDM system
0.8
n is too the “water
large peak”, E

1371nm

1391nm

1411nm

1431nm

1451nm
1331nm

1591nm
1311nm

1351nm

1471nm

1491nm

1511nm

1531nm

1551nm

1571nm

1611nm
1271nm

1291nm
0.4
2)Delivery band can
cycle is not be used.
O-Band E-Band S-Band C-Band L-Band
0.1 long Single-mode fiber attenuation map Wavelength（nm）
G.652a、G.652b fiber in E band water peak?
Most fibers in the metro area is the conventional G.652a fiber, manufacturing process caused by a lack of purification introduced
the water, the OH - (hydroxyl ions) absorbs a large amount of light energy, then 1385 nm has reached 2 dB/km fiber
attenuation, so it is almost useless. G.652c fiber which invented around 2001 (" full-wave fiber ", also called "low water peak
fiber") has eliminated the influence of water peak.

G. 655 fiber cutoff wavelength1450 nm

G.655a fiber cutoff wavelength 1430 nm, can use 8 wavelengths. The LEAF fiber cutoff wavelength 1470 nm, cannot use 8
wavelengths system.

16
DWDM Standard: C Band 40/80 Channels
 Mainstream DWDM applications are in C band

Note: the yellow area is the center wavelength of the 40 wavelength system

PS: The wavelength of DWDM often in Hz. he wavelength of CWDM often in nm.

17
 Fiber Dispersion Characteristics（CD/PMD）
Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused when various modes carrying signal energy or
different frequencies of the signal have different group velocity and disperse from each other during
propagation.

 Fiber dispersion can be classified into: Mode dispersion, Chromatic dispersion, Polarization mode dispersion

Mode dispersion, mainly exists in multimode fiber;

Chromatic dispersion (CD), can be divided into material dispersion and waveguide dispersion;

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is caused by different velocity of propagation of optical two orthogonal polarization in
fiber, the polarization mode dispersion is produced by random factors, thus it is a random quantity and difficult to
compensation;

 Chromatic dispersion coefficient is the time delay difference of light wavelength signal transmitted by unit
length of fiber in unit wavelength interval, expressed in D, the unit is the ps/nm. km. Polarization mode
dispersion coefficient by PMD, unit is ps/km1/2

18
G.652/G.653/G.655 Fibers
According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655
respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table
Type
Definition Scope Main Specifications
The standard single-mode fiber (SMF) Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.3–0.4 dB/km
refers to the fiber whose zero- system and DWDM and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm
dispersion point (the zero-dispersion system band is 0.17–0.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20 dB/km.
G.652 Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is 1300–
wavelength) is near to 1310 nm.
1324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is positive and the
typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17 ps/(nm.km). The
maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).

Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers Used in the SDH system Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than
to the fiber whose zero-dispersion but not in the DWDM 0.55 dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The
G.653 point is near to 1550 nm. Compared system attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and
with G.652 SMF, the zero-dispersion the typical value is 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
point of G.653 DSF shifts. Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm,
usually 1525–1575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5
ps/(nm.km). The dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or may be
0 for 1550 nm bands, especially C band.

Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM specified in ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less
G.655 zero-dispersion point is shifted away system, but more than 0.35 dB/km, usually 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
from 1550 nm and not within the applicable to the Dispersion: If 1530 nm < < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D(λ)| < 6.0
DWDM operating wavelength range DWDM system ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the
near to 1550 nm. G.655 NZDSF varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based on
actual situations, usually 4.5 ps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).

19
Dispersion Characteristics of Fibers
---G.652/G.653/G.655
G.652: widely used need G.653: frequency mixing in 1550nm
dispersion compensation for high window, not suitable for DWDM
rate transmission

Dispersion Positive G.655

coefficient
(ps/nm·km) 17

Negative G.655
1310 1550

A little dispersion can avoid FWM and needn’t

In the era of SDH, Dispersion is the main
contradiction and the bottleneck! so much dispersion compensation
In the era of WDM, whether in noncoherent system, or in
coherent system, the dispersion is no longer the bottleneck,
principal contradiction is nonlinearity&OSNR. Therefore, G.652 is
more suitable for WDM network.

20
 Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Fibers

In essence, all media is nonlinear, but in general the nonlinear characteristics is very small. When
the input power is not so large, fiber has linear characteristics, when optical amplifier and high
power laser amplifier used in optical fiber, the fiber nonlinear characteristic becoming significant;

Single-mode fiber nonlinear effect points:

Stimulated inelastic scattering (stimulated Raman scattering SRS, stimulated Brillouin scattering
SBS)
Kerr effect (the SPM phase modulation, cross phase modulation XPM, four wave mixing
FWM/G653)

Note: once produced, nonlinear effect cant be eliminated or compensated, so we must try to prevent the nonlinear
effect!
Using fiber that with mode field diameter, can inhibit the nonlinear effect.
The most important thing is we can reduce the input power of fiber, use the large effective area fiber to prevent the
happening of the nonlinear effect.
The nonlinear effect is related to dispersion, dispersion is not the smaller the better.

21
Fiber Mode Field Diameter

In fiber, the transmission of light energy is not fully focus in the fiber core, part of the
energy transfer in the cladding, the diameter of the fiber core can't reflect of light
energy distribution in the fiber, then puts forward the concept of mode field diameter.

 The mode field diameter is the parameter described the light

intensity in single mode fiber.
 The smaller the mode field diameter, the larger the energy
density that through the fiber. When the energy density is too
large, will cause the nonlinear effect of fiber, caused the system
signal-to-noise ratio reduced, greatly affect the system
performance.

Thinking: This value is the larger the

better, or the smaller the better?

22
Why G.652 is the Best for DWDM？

8.6-9.5µm 7.8-8.5µm 9.5-10.5µm 8-11μm

125µm 125µm 125µm 125µm
G.652 G.653 G.654 G.655
No matter in non-coherent system or in coherent system, the dispersion is not the
bottleneck any more, the main trade-off is nonlinear and OSNR. Therefore, G.652 fiber
which with large diameter and small non-linear, is more suitable for 40G/100G WDM network.

23
Chapter 1 Questions
• What is the colored light, what is gray light?
• Why we often use dB/dBm in WDM? Is 3 dB a very large number?
• In WDM system, which kind of fiber is often used, single mode or multimode?
• In the single mode fiber, which windows has the smallest loss?
• What are the problems that the signal light transmission in single-mode fiber will
encounter?
• What are the respective characteristics of G.652/653/655 fiber?
• Is dispersion the smaller the better? Why G.653 fiber is not suitable for WDM system?
• Why WDM is becoming more and more important?
• Why C band becomes the mainstream of 80 wave system?
• Japan using L band to solve the problem of G653 fiber four-wave mixing, is it
competitive?

24
 Content

 Basic knowledge

 Node Model

 Optical Line

 Transmit & Receive

25
 Signal Flow(One Direction)

OSC OSC OSC OSC

OTU OTU
D
OTU M OA
F F DCM
OA
F F DCM
OA M OTU
U I I I I
X U U U
U U
OTU X OTU

OTM OLA OTM

26
OSC Working Mode

Requirement of OSC:
The wavelength of the pump light in OA should not be
restricted
service of 1310nm wavelength should not be restricted ;
OSC should be working when OA failed;
Support long distance transmission; bidirectional transmission
function with piecewise.
OSC OSC
F F
I I
0
OTU1 OTU1
S S
C OTU2 M U U 4 OTU2 C
OTU3
C
OTU4
4 M OTU3 C
OTU4
0

27
 OTM Signal Flow

Optical Terminal Multiplexer（OTM):

λ1
OTU
M
M
4
40 OBU
OTU 0
λ40
F
Client signal SC1 I WDM
U
λ1
OTU
M
D
4
40 OAU
OTU 0
λ40
DCM

28
OLA Signal Flow

Optical Line Amplifier(OLA):

DCM

OAU

F F

I SC2 I

U U

OAU

DCM

29
 REG Signal Flow

Regenerator :

0 OTU
D
4 M
M
OA 4 OA
40
M 40
F OTU 0 F

0 OTU
I M
D I
M
4
OA
OA 4
40
40
M
0
U OTU U

SC2

Note: Signals are regenerated through the regenerating OTU.

30
OADM Signal Flow

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM):

1 n≤8
T
F OA M L OA F
M
R R
2 2
I OA OA I

O O O O
U T T U
T T
U U U U

SC2

31
ROADM Signal Flow

Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM):

OTU OTU

D40

M
M40

M
0
4

0
4
DCM
0 OBU
R W
D
4 M
S
OAU U9
M M4 OAU
F 90 F
I
I
U 0
W R
M U
OAU S
4
D OAU
M
M U4
9 90
OBU1

DCM
M

M
4
0

4
0
M40 D40

OTU OTU

32
 Colored&Directioned ROADM

Direction 4

A101
C
A101
A
2x 2x

40

40
M
D
Colored: the add/drop wave connected
ITL04 to a specific wavelength(specific color).
The wavelength can’t change even the

B103
OTU is Tunable, because each port of

W
M
D
4

S
C A
M40/D40 frequency (wavelength) is fixed.
A101 A101 Directioned: the add/drop wave
W W
2x
M M connected to a specific direction. The add
40 S S 40 2x
ITL04

ITL04
Direction 1 M M Direction 3 wave direction can’t change.
D D 2x
2x
40 B103
D D
B103 40 ROADM sites generally use Colored &
4 4
A101 A101 Directioned. Only pass-through wave
A C direction can change on these ROADM

W
M
D
4

S
nodes, compared with back to back OTM
node the complex artificial jump fiber can
B103

be omitted.
ITL04
40

40
M
D

2x 2x
Direction 2
A101

A101
C
A

33
 Colorless&Directioned ROADM
Colorless: WSS is connected to the
add/drop wave board, the
TD20 … TD20 TM20 … TM20 wavelength(color) is changeable, with
Tunable OTU , the wavelength can be
WSD9 WSM9
adjusted online by NMS.
Directioned: the add/drop wave

B103
connected to a specific direction. The
add wave direction can’t change.
W W Few ROADM site adopts Colorless &
A101 A106
S S Directioned. FT widely adopted this
Direction 1/West M M Direction 2/East
D D
model.
A106 A101
9 9  Pass-through wave direction can
B103 change on these ROADM nodes, and
each wavelength can be adjusted online,
so we do not worry about the
WSM9 WSD9
wavelength conflict.

TM20 … TM20 TD20 … TD20

34
 Colored&Directionless ROADM
Colored: the add/drop wave connected to
2x a specific wavelength(specific color). The
Add/drop wavelength can’t change
Channel N Directionless: WSS is connected to the
2x
add/drop OTU board, the line direction is
changeable. So it can realize reroute.
Optical layer ASON must use
Directionless model, we often use Colored
C
A101
W W A & Directionless model.
S S A101
Direction 1 M M Direction 3  not only pass-through wave direction can
D D A101
A
A101
9 9 C
change on these ROADM nodes but also
add/drop direction can change, so it can
realize optical layer reroute

2x

Add/drop
Channel 1 2x

Optical ASON(WDM ASON/WSON)

Model
35
 Colorless&Directionless ROADM
Add/Drop
Channel N
Colorless: WSS is connected to the
add/drop wave board, the wavelength
(color) is changeable, with Tunable OTU ,
the wavelength can be adjusted online by
NMS.
Direction 4 Directionless: WSS is connected to the
add/drop OTU board, the line direction is
changeable.
Automatic optical layer ASON network
using Colorless & Directionless model, Such
W W as TDE/TT/ MTN and other networks.
S
Optical ASON(WDM ASON/WSON)
S
M
D
M
D A106
Not only pass-through wave direction can
A106
9 change on this network but the add/drop
Model 9
direction can change, it can avoid
Direction 1 Direction 3
wavelength conflicts, and realize optical
layer reroute more easily

Direction 2

Add/Drop
Channel 1

36
 Chapter 2 Questions
 How the optical signal flow in WDM system?
 If the optical amplifier on WDM side is broken , will it affect the monitor signal
transmission of OSC ?
 If the optical amplifier on WDM side is broken , will it affect the monitor signal
transmission of ESC ?
 How the optical signal flow in OLA site?
 How the optical signal flow in OTM site?
 How the optical signal flow in OADM site?
 In parallel mode (e.g. MRx board) will node expansion interrupt the services ? Why?
 How the optical signal flow in ROADM site?
 What’s the difference between Colored, Colorless, Direnctioned and Directionless?

37
 Content

 Basic knowledge

 Node Model

 Optical Line

 Transmit & Receive

38
Same Hops, Are They Really the Same?

 OTS (Optical Transmission Section)

 OMS (Optical Multiplexing Section)
 OCh (Optical Channel)
OTU OTU
O
M M
O
OA OA OA
M
4 4D
OTU OTS OTS 0 OTU
0
OMS
OCh

The hop of WDM (level), refers to the smallest cross section of the
transmission, also called optical amplifier section, or OTS Hop.
Generally, the hop of router, do not consider the physical layer, but include at
least one of OCH if use WDM.

39
Main Limitation Factors & Solutions of WDM System

Line Configuration Target(BER≤10×1E-12)

Key Factors in Optical Line

Optical Dispersion
OSNR Nonlinearity
Power PMD/DGD DHD JGDJ
DJ

40
OSNR has Relation with BER, More Intuitive ！

MUX/ MUX
Router OTU DeMUX OTU Router
DeMUX
OA OLA OLA OA

IP over WDM IP over WDM

Digital Signal Analog Signal Digital Signal
10m~10Km 500~5000Km 10m~10Km

41
Power Budget: Config Amplifier according Loss

S R

Pout L Pin

Site A Site B

 Fiber loss (dB)+ Margin（3dB）≤ Pout (dBm) - Pin (dBm)

 L (km) x a (dB/km)+ Margin(3dB) ≤ Pout (dBm) - Pin (dBm)
a means( Attenuation Coefficient), G652/655 fiber
attenuation coefficient
a = 0.275dB/km(generally 0.2~0.3dB/km).

42
What is Optical Amplifier ?

OA
Input optical signal Amplified optical signal

OA: without optical - electricity - optical conversion, it ‘s a device that

the optical signal can be directly amplified.

There are two commonly used amplifiers: erbium-

doped fiber OA (EDFA) and Raman amplifier

43
 Principle of Raman Operation

SRS: Stimulated Raman Scattering

Gain
Pump

30nm
13THz (70~100nm)

Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3

30nm
70~100nm

44
Single-stage Optical Amplifier Structure-OBU/HBA

IN OUT
VOA OBU

TDC DCM RDC

IN OUT LINE SYS

HBA C-RPC

Channel Gain (dB) = Pout (dBm) - Pin (dBm)

45
Multi-stage Optical Amplifier Structure—OAU

IN
OAU OUT
VOA PA VOA BA

TDC RDC
DCM

Channel Gain (dB) = Pout (dBm) - Pin (dBm)

Channel Gain (dB) + Insert loss of DCM (dB)
≤ Max. total gain (dB)- VOA loss(2dB)

46
 Dispersion Calculations
• Chromatic dispersion（ps/nm）= Distance（km）x Dispersion coefficient （ps/nm.km）
– G.652 fiber: DC= 17ps/nm.km, estimate by20ps/nm.km generally
– G.655 fiber: DC= 4.5ps/nm.km, estimate by 5ps/nm.km generally.
– Because of can’t compensate of PMD, the main consideration in the actual project chromatic dispersion
compensation.
– In the long distance system, the dispersion compensation module( DCM/DCU/FBG) to compensate.

OMS

Distance L (km)

Power Site A Site B

Optical pulses

Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)

Time
47
Dispersion Compensation in Optical Domain

 Mainly use fiber dispersion compensation module to

compensate for accumulated chromatic dispersion in order
to reduce the impact of chromatic dispersion
 Dispersion slope compensation
 FBG dispersion compensation
Dispersion coefficient
 Sub-band dispersion compensation G.652

wavelength
Normal dispersion compensation
optical fiber
DSCF: Dispersion slope
compensating fiber

48
 Dispersion Compensation Configuration
Dispersion(ps/nm)

+1360ps/nm– Dispersion at Node 3

DCM C
DCM D

DCM A
DCM A
+170ps/nm
Dispersion at Node 5
0 20km 80km 30km 60km
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5 Length(km)

G.652 Fiber: Dispersion Coefficient=17ps/nm∙km

M 7.4dB 20.6dB 9.6dB 16.2dB D

40 A D A C 40
20.0km 80.0km 30.0km 60.0km
D A D A C M
40 G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652 40
OTM 1 OLA 2 OLA 3 OLA 4 OTM 5

49
 What is PMD?
Fast in Fast in
propagation propagation
Direction of
propagation
(fiber)

Slow in
propagation
Slow in
propagation Delay time

Detector
power Signal response
Polarization Mode Dispersion

Time
The optical signal of two orthogonal polarization states in the fiber with different propagation speed of
the dispersion caused is called polarization mode dispersion, it is also one of the important parameters
in fiber, especially in 40G/100G WDM system! PMD induced factors are randomly generated , which is a
random polarization-mode dispersion and the quantity is difficult to compensate.

50
 DGD Tolerances of Common OTU Boards
 DGD (ps) =L(km) x PMD coefficient (ps/km1/2)
 DGD: Differential Group Delay, generally used average of DGD, max is 3 times of the average

Signal DGD (@1.0ps/km1/2) (@0.5ps/km1/2) (@0.2ps/km1/2)

Modulation
Rate Tolerance Transmission Transmission Transmission
Technology
(Gb/s) (ps) Distance (km) Distance (km) Distance (km)
2.5G Null 40 1, 600 6, 400 40000

10G Super 22 484 1, 936 12100

ODB 2 4 16 100

40G eDQPSK 8 64 256 1600

BPSK 30 900 3, 600 22500

100G QPSK-SD 25 625 2, 500 15625

When the fiber PMD coefficient < 0.5ps/km1/2, in addition to non-coherent 40G(eg. eDQPSK/ODB)
transmission distance is less than 1000km, the rest of the transmission distance is greater than 1000km, DGD
generally not a major limitation factor.
When fiber PMD coefficient >0.5ps/km1/2, .10G/40G/100G DGD system are limited
Therefore, PMD coefficient must be confirmed with customer clearly, especially in LA.

51
DGD Calculation of Multiple OMS Hops

Span1 Span2 Span3 Span4

A B C D E

DGD( A ~ E )  DGDspan1  DGDspan2  DGDspan3  DGDspan4

2 2 2 2

 Fiber Type, Attenuation Coefficient and PMD Coefficient must

be clarified. Especially in 40G/100G system, PMD coefficient is
very important. Otherwise the total cost of the project may be
as high as 300%, instead of less to 30%!
 In Latin America, Britain, France, Italy, Spain and other old
capitalist countries, and the United States, etc, there are old
fibers, fibers erected in the air and swaying with the wind and
52
G.653 fibers. The PMD coefficient may be higher than
 Definition of OSNR
Psignal ( mW )
 OSNR (dB) = 10 x log
Pnoise ( mW ) = Psignal (dBm) -
Pnoise (dBm)

 OSNR: Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

 ASE: Amplified Spontaneous Emission
• NF: Noise Figure

53
 Why OSNR is Gradually Reduced?
OTU OTU
M MD
4 OA OA OA OA OA OA 44
0 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 OTS 4 OTS 5 00
OTU OTU

Optical
Power
(dBm) Psignal

Pnoise（ASE）

Distance
(km)

OSNR (dB)

Distance
(km)

54
How to Overcome the Nonlinear Effects?

 New Code Technologies

10G SuperWDM, 40G QPSK/BPSK, 100G QPSK.
 Dispersion Management Technologies
Leaf/G653 fibers use FBG centralized compensation/ slope
compensation.100G system uses electrical dispersion compensation.
 Fiber Input Power Control
G655 fiber uses -1 or -3dBm input power. G653 fiber uses -5 dBm
or -7dBm input power.
 Channel Spacing Technology
10G services use short wavelengths. 100G services use long
wavelengths which OSNR is better.

55
 How WDM Systems PK the Transmission
Specification?----Single Span： 1×NdB

OTU OTU
M MD
4 OA OA 44
0 OTS 1 00
OTU For example, in the SuperWDM 10G system, the capacity for single-span OTU
can reach 1×70dB！

56
 How WDM Systems PK the Transmission Specification?--
--Multi Spans N×22dB

OTU OTU
M MD
4 OA OA OA OA OA OA 44
0 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 …… OTS N 00
OTU For example, in the 100G system, the specification for multi-span can reach OTU
26×22dB ！It’s comparable to the 10G system!

57
 Chapter 3 Questions
 How to overcome the optical attenuation in WDM system?(such as fiber attenuation and insertion loss)
 What’s the channel gain? Why does the output power of single wavelength decrease when the quantity of the channels
increases?
 How to overcome the Fiber Chromatic Dispersion in WDM system?
 Why does 10G system usually prefer to use optical dispersion compensation rather than electrical dispersion
compensation? Why is 100G system just the opposite?
 What’s the advantages and disadvantages of the optical and electrical dispersion compensation separately?
 What are relevant to PMD/DGD? Can PMD/DGD penalty be compensated by network design optimization?
 Why is the WDM-side transmission capacity described in N×22dB, rather than in N×80 Km?
 What’s the definition of OSNR? What are relevant to OSNR of single amplifier or multi-amplifiers?
 Why is the transmission performance of long wavelength better than that of short wavelength in WDM network?
 How to improve and optimize the OSNR?
( 1,For a given site network；2,Plan the sites freely in Tunkey project)

58
 Content

 Basic knowledge

 Node Model

 Optical Line

 Transmit & Receive

59
 What is OTU(Transponder)?
B1 （B2）, J0 monitoring
Performance/Alarm ITU-T G.692
ITU-T G.691
ITU-T G.694.1
ITU-T G.957 ALS function （IPA）
ITU-T G.709
IEEE802 series
3R function FEC/HDFEC/SDFEC
FE/GE/10GE/40GE
/100GE ESC Function

SAN/ATM Channel Spacing

850nm/1310nm (50GHz/100GHz)

/1550nm NRZ/Super
DQPSK/QPSK

Client OTU WDM

Tunable/Fixed

Client Side WDM Side

Qos. of communication between D/A signal depends on BER(BER≤10×1E-12).

60
 OTU Converts Client Signals into Specific Wavelength

Client side/Line side

 Input: 10 X 10G Any

LTX Muxponder 客户侧 线路侧  Spec: Pluggable10G XFP
（2/4 slots） 0.3/10/40/80km
Output : 1 X OTU4
O: Optical process  80 channels tunable, 300PIN
1 Receive Optical signal optical module,
ePDM-QPSK, HD/SD-FEC
Gray light（client side）

Fiber
2 E: Electrical λ1~80 OTU4
process Colored light（line side）
Mapping into OTN 80 X 100G
O: Optical process OTU4
3 Convert into standard WDM
wavelength
Mux

61
 OTU Working Principle Introduction
---10G NRZ/RZ Modulation

NRZ Optical eye pattern RZ Optical eye pattern

 Swing range of on-off keying NRZ、RZ code means binary information, the figures show difference
between NRZ and RZ
 RZ similar with optical solution signal, have well ability of nonlinearity, used to deploy in long
distance WDM transmission
 For 50% of RZ, when the average optical power is same with NRZ, the peak value of RZ optical
power is 3dB higher than NRZ, the theoretical value of OSNR tolerance is 3dB higher than NRZ,
but this is less than actual testing result.

62
OTU Working Principle
--- FEC Error Correction Coding

 FEC is a widely used coding technique in communication system.

 Basic Principle: FEC is accomplished by adding redundancy to the transmitted information using an algorithm.
A redundant bit may be a complex function of many original information bits. The original information may or
may not appear literally in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are
systematic, while those that do not are non-systematic.

63
 OTN Produce Introduction

www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

CONTENTS

Overview
OSN9800
OSN8800
OSN1800

65
 Huawei WDM/OTN produces Overview

WDM/OTN Solution

U2000 / T-SDN Controller

1U

2U

5U OSN 8800 UPS

OSN 1800 I/II/V OSN 8800 T16/T32/T64 OSN 9800 U16/U32/U64

• Compact MS-OTN • 1-20D ROADM • 1.6T/3.2/6.4T Switch Capacity • 5.6T/12.8T/25.6T Switch Capacity
• 3/7/15 Slots • CDCG • 16/32/64 Slots • 14/32/64 Slots
• 10G/100G/200G • 10G/100G/200G/400G • 10G/40G/100G/400G • 10G/100G/400G/1T

From Metra to Backbone, End to End 100G/100G+ OTN

66
The position of OTU Board In OTN system

DCM DCM
OTU 1 1
OTU
M40 OA OA D40
Client single

Client single
OTU OTU
40 F F 40
I Fiber I
SC1/SC2 SC1/SC2
U U

OTU 1 1
OTU
D40 OA OA M40
OTU OTU
40 40
DCM DCM

67
 The position of Tributary Board In OTN system

DCM DCM
T N 1 1 N T
M40 OA OA D40
Client single

Client single
T N N T
40 F F 40
I Fiber I
SC1/SC2 SC1/SC2
U U

T N 1 1 N T

D40 OA OA M40
T N N T
40 40
DCM DCM

68
C-D-C-G ROADM, Optical Cross Flexibly

Colorless+ Directionless + Contentionless + Gridless

Colorless Directionless
ROADM configuration

Direction B Direction C
...

λ* λ* *(1~80)

Any Wavelength to Any Add/drop port Any Wavelength to any direction

Direction A Direction D

Contentionless Gridless

...

ROADM
M×N Cross M×N Cross

...
... ...
λ* λ* λ* λ* All wavelengths come from all the directions can Flex Grid，Adapt 400G/1T/2T
add&drop in the same site without wavelength
block

69
CONTENTS

Overview
OSN9800
OSN8800
OSN1800

70
OSN 9800

Industry’s largest OTN Platform

OTN
----Efficient, Intelligence

400G Advanced 400G/1T Platform

----Big capacity，forward future

100T演进 Future-Proofed Cross Cluster

----Cluster、Support 100T Cross

71
High Integration OTN Board
Industry’s Highest Industry’s First Industry’s First
Integration 200G Line Board 400G Line Board
100G

Line
Board

N402 N404 N501 N402P N601

2×100G 4×100G 200G 2×100G/200G Program 400G

Tributary
Board

T404 T302 T210/220/230 T130

4×100GE 2×40G 10/20/30×10G 30× Any

72
Diversity Packet board

100G universal 10×10G universal 1×100GE 2×40GE 12×10GE 24×GE

Line board Line board Packet Board Packet Board Packet Board Packet Board

73
New weapon OSN9800 M24
Most Suitable
OSN 9800 M24
Platform
 24 Slots, 2.4T/4T XC Capacity
 16U Small Size; 1+1 63A, low power
consumption

24 x 5.5U Slot Most Flexible

100G/Slot Platform
WiFi OLT
 ODUk / VC / Packet supported
 Electrical & Optical Boards supported
 Compatible with 5.5 &11 U boards
CPE
Agg Site  1 for 4 modes 10G board
 19’, ETSI, North America Rack

Future Oriented
 Smooth evolution to TSDN&ASON
OSN 1800II OSN 1800V OSN 9800 M24 OSN 9800 U32

74
 Adapt 19 inch Rack

9800U1
REG λ2
6

λ1
Electrical subrack

• 19 inch section: some enterprise’s room, just have 19 inch Rack,

9800
in this station, suggestion using OSN9800 U16+UPS solution, to UPS
satisfy 19 inch requirement

Optical subrack

75
CONTENTS

Overview
OSN9800
OSN8800
OSN1800

76
 OSN8800: From Metro to backbone

OSN 8800 Universal Platform; OSN 8800 T16 (16 Slots) :1.6T OTN; OSN 8800 T32(32 slots): 3.2T OTN; OSN 8800 T64(64 Slots);
80*10G/40G/100G 800G PKT, 640G VC4,20G VC12; 1.6T PKT, 1.28T VC4,80G VC12; 6.4T OTN;1.28T VC4,
ODUK(k=0,1,2,3,4), ODUflex ODUK(k=0,1,2,3,4), ODUflex ODUK(k=0,1,2,3,4), ODUflex

OSN 8800
Big Capacity Long distance MS-OTN and Intelligence

• 1.6T/3.2T/6.4T OTN Capactity • 100G 5000km NO electrical regeneration • OTN/SDH/PKT universal platform,
• 80*40G/100G, Support 400G/1T evolution • 100G long hop up to 300km universal line board
• ODUflex promote OTN bandwidth • 2/4/9 /20 dimension ROADM,
efficiency Optical/Electrical ASON
• Flex ROADM, T-SDN
Page 77 77 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
 10G/40G OTN board

Line
board NS2 ND2 NQ2 NO2 NS3
1*10G 2*10G 4*10G 8*10G 1*40G

Tributary
board
TQM TOM TOG TOA THA TDX TQX TOX TTX TSXL
4* Any 8* Any 8* GE 8* Any 16* Any 2* 10G 4*10G 8*10G 10*10G 1*40G

ponder

LSXL LSQ LSX LDX LOG TMX LOA LOM

1*40G 1*40G 1*10G 2*10G 8*GE 4*2.5G 8*any 8*GE/FC

Page 78 78 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 MS-OTN board

SDH

SLQ64 SLD64 SL64 SLO16 SLQ16 SLH41

4*STM-64 2*STM-64 1*STM-64 8*STM-16 4*STM-16 16* STM-1/STM-4

PKT and
universal
Board

56NS3 54HUNS3 54HUNQ2 EX8 EG16

40G OTN&SDH 40GOTN&SDH&PKT 4*10G OTN&SDH&PKT 8*GE/10G 16*GE
universal Line board universal Line board universal line board PKT PKT

Page 79 79 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 100G board

Tributary
and Line
Board

54NS4 56NS4 57NS4 58NS4 TTX TSC

(HFEC,SDFEC) (SDFEC) (HFEC, SDFEC2) (SDFEC2) (10*10G access) (100GE access)

Ponder

11/12LTX 15LTX 13LSC 15LSC 17LSC 17LTX

(HFEC,SDFEC) (SDFEC2) (HFEC,SDFEC) (HFEC, SDFEC) (SDFEC2) (SDFEC2)

Page 80 80 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

CONTENTS

Overview
OSN9800
OSN8800
OSN1800

81
OSN1800 series, “OTN to side”

Bandwidth
One pair fibers 8T 80λ×100G

OSN1800V (5U)
Small
Flexible Install pole outdoor 19/23’
OSN1800II (2U)

universal platform
OSN1800I (1U) universal platform
2M~100G any servers

82
OSN1800V :Industry’s smallest universal platform

SDH

5U PKT OTN
ANY

Small size + Big capacity + universal platform

SDH、PKT、OTN universal Switch

Big Capacity Flexibility Architecture Small Size

 80-ch DWDM, One pair fiber capacity up  Integrates Packet, VC and OTN switching  5U size fits 19/23’rack ，flexibly install
to 80*100G=8 Tbps into a centralized, non-blocking, fully with other type equipment
redundant switch fabric.  640w(OTN)
 Switch Capacity：700G ODUk/PKT /
280G/20G SDH HO/LO  Rich interfaces supported  1+1 AC/DC power supply
E1/E3/T3/FE/GE/STM-
 2/4/8/40/80λ as required，support
x/10GE/100GE/CPRI/FC/SAN... to meet all
single-fiber bidirectional
application scenarios

83
OSN1800II: Two Configurations in One Box
 8-ch CWDM & 40-ch DWDM System
 200G OTN switch+ 160G packet switch ＋ 50G TDM (50G HO + 20G
LO) with 1+1 protection
2U
 2M~100G Full Service
 2U pizza box-like size fits anywhere (Rack, outdoor cabinet, wall,
pole mount)
OSN 1800 II  100~150W

Transponder Mode MS-OTN Mode

SDH Mapping SDH

Mapping PKT OTN

PKT
ANY
ANY Mapping

SCC UXCL UXCL

Compact PIU F
A
Service slot Service slot Enhance PIU F
A
Service slot Service slot

Configuration PIU N
Service slot
Service slot
Service slot
Service slot
Configuration PIU N
Service slot
Service slot
Service slot
Service slot

84
OSN1800V Layout
DC configuration AC configuration
7 Service slot 14 Service slot 7 Service slot 14 Service slot
6 Service slot 13 Service slot 6 Service slot 13 Service slot
5 Service slot 12 Service slot 5 Service slot 12 Service slot
4 Service slot 11 Service slot 4 Service slot 11 Service slot
16 UXCM 16 UXCM
FAN FAN
15 UXCM 15 UXCM
3 Service slot 10 Service slot 3 Service slot 10 Service slot
2 Service slot 9 Service slot 2 Service slot 9 Service slot
1 Service slot 8 Service slot
17 APIU 19 APIU
17 PIU 18 PIU 19 OADM/OTU/OA

Slot Allocation（DC configuration as below )

 Control and cross-connection board：Slot No.15&16 with 1+1 protection
 Service board：Slot No.1-No.14, and No.19 only for OTU/OADM/FIU/OA
 PIU/APIU：Slot No.17&18

85
 Layout of OSN1800II (V1R5)
DC Type AC Type

Service slot SCC Service slot SCC

Compact Configuration PIU Service slot Service slot Service slot Service slot
FAN FAN
Service slot Service slot Service slot
PIU APIU APIU
Service slot Service slot Service slot

UXCL UXCL
Enhance PIU
Service slot Service slot
Configuration FAN
Service slot Service slot
PIU
Service slot Service slot

 Slot 1 ~Slot8 for /OADM/OTU/OA/ Tributary card/OLP card

 Slot 7& 8 for Cross-connection and PKT switch;
 APIU(AC Power card, 2 slots) in slot 2&4 and 4&6;
 PIU only in slot 9&10;

86
Main Packet Service Cards Overview
HUNQ2 NS4 TOA TTA TSC LTX LSC

4*10G universal 100G line board 8*GE Tributary board 10*GE/10GE Tributary board 1*100GE Tributary board 10*10G 1*100GE
line board Muxsponder Transponder

87
DCI Solution--- HUAWEI OSN902
General:
inch rack mountable, 600mm depth, 19 inch width, 2U high, rack &
stack design, 22 units per rack, 2+1 Fan， 1+1 AC power supply,
control unit pluggable

Line side:
M201 Board: 6*200G (1.2T), 200G 16QAM/100G QPSK
configurable,80 channel
M202E Board :CFP2, 6*400G (2.4T), 200G 16QAM/100G QPSK
configurable,80 channel

2U, 6 Slots; Client Side:

M201 Board :SFP28/QSFP+ 12*100GE/ 24*40GE/ 120*10GE;
200G/400G Single slot, 1.2T/2.4T one Subrack; M202E board: QSFP28 24*100GE;
Ponder;
MSA/CFP2 for Line, QSFP28/QSFP+ for Client. Management API :
1st phase: SNMP/MML/QX U2000
2nd phase: RESTful, CLI, NETCONF, Corba, Web LCT

Metro DC
Power consumption:
1200 W typical (typical)
Environmental Characteristics:
Normal operating temperature: 0°C to +40°C (32°F to 104°F)
IDC IDC

88
THANK YOU

Copyright©2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements regarding the future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new
technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such
information is provided for reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time without notice.