REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Reported by :
Trixie Nicole Cagadas
James Darwin Niala
WHAT IS LIGHT?
LIGHT
• Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the typical
human eye.
LIGHT
• The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments
on diffraction and interference.

In 1678, Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695)

published Traité de la Lumiere, where he argued in favor
of the wave nature of light. Huygens stated that an
expanding sphere of light behaves as if each point on the
wave front were a new source of radiation of the same
frequency and phase.
LIGHT
• The speed of light in a vacuum is denoted “c”, which is equal to
299,792,458 m/s by the current definition of the meter.
LIGHT
• The speed of light in a medium is always slower the speed of light in a
vacuum.
LIGHT

• The speed of light depends upon the medium through which it

travels. The speed of anything with mass is always less than
the speed of light in a vacuum.
IS BLACK A COLOR OR NOT?
OPTICS
OPTICS
• The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and
other electromagnetic waves.
• Optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its
interaction with matter.
 REFLECTION

GEOMETRIC OPTICS

REFRACTION

SUPERPOSITION AND
OPTICS
INTERFERENCE

DIFFRACTION AND
OPTICAL RESOLUTION
WAVE OPTICS
DISPERTION AND
SCATTERING

POLARIZATION
WAVE OPTICS
WAVE OPTICS
• is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other
phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid.
• Interference- phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of
greater, lower, or the same amplitude.
• Diffraction - the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object.
• Polarization – a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical
orientation of the oscillations.
• Dispersion - The separation of visible light into its different colors
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
GEOMETRIC OPTICS
• When light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the
light’s wavelength, its observable behavior is like that of a ray; it does not
prominently display its wave characteristics.
• It is also known as Ray Optics which describes the light propagation in
terms of rays.
• It is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light
propagates under certain circumstances.
MOVEMENT OF LIGHT RAYS
Light rays move according to three laws:
• The first law states that light rays move through similar transparent media in straight
lines.
• The second states that when a light ray encounters a smooth, shiny (or conducting)
surface, such as a mirror, the ray bounces off that surface.
• The third law governs how light rays behave when they pass between two different
media, such as air and water.
REFLECTION OF
LIGHT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
• Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface
between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the
medium from which it originated.
• Reflection of light refers to the phenomena in which light bounces off
from a surface.
 TYPES OF
REFLECTION
 TYPES OF REFLECTION
•Specular Reflection
•Diffused Reflection
SPECULAR REFLECTION
It is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such
as light, from a surface. In this process, each
incident ray is reflected at the same angle to
the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the
opposing side of the surface normal in the plane
formed by incident and reflected rays. The result
is that an image reflected by the surface is
reproduced in mirror-like (specular) fashion.
MIRROR REFLECTION

• It is a type of reflection that

happens specifically on mirrors.
DIFFUSED REFLECTION
Diffused reflection is when light hits an object
and reflects in lots of different directions. This
happens when the surface is rough. Most of
the things we see are because light from a
source has reflected off it.
 OTHER TYPES OF REFLECTION
• Retro reflection
is the phenomenon of light rays striking a surface and being redirected back to the source
of light.
 OTHER TYPES OF REFLECTION
• Multiple Reflections
It is when two plane mirrors are facing each other that creates multiple images.
 OTHER TYPES OF REFLECTION
• Complex Conjugate Reflection
light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical
process. Not only the direction of the light is reversed, but the actual wave fronts are
reversed as well.
 LAWS OF
REFLECTION
THE 3 LAWS OF REFLECTION
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal to the reflection surface at the point
of the incidence lie in the same plane.

• The angle which the incident ray makes

with the normal is equal to the angle which
the reflected ray makes to the same normal.

• The reflected ray and the incident ray are

FORMULA:
on the opposite sides of the normal.

θr = θi
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1
• Light is incident on a flat surface, making an angle of 10o with
that surface (a) What is the angle of incidence? (b) What is
the angle of reflection? (c) Sketch the path of the reflected
beam on the diagram.
EXAMPLE 1
A.The angle of incidence is 80o
B. The angle of reflection is 80o
C.
EXAMPLE 2
• Three initially parallel rays of light are incident at slightly different points on a bumpy
surface, as indicated in the figure below. The angles of incidence are 15o for ray A (blue
in figure), 31o for ray B (green), and 47o for ray C (red). (a) What are the angles of
reflection for the three rays? (b) Will the three rays remain parallel after reflection?
EXAMPLE 2
A. Ray A will have an angle of reflection of 15o, B will have an angle of reflection of 31o,
and the third will have an angle of reflection of 47o.
B. No; the three rays will diverge after reflection. The divergence is due not only to the
differences in the angles of reflection, but also to the differences in the directions of
the normal at each incident point.
TYPES OF MIRRORS
PLANE MIRRORS
• These are flat mirrors that reflect images in their normal proportions, reversed from left
to right. This is the most common type of mirror used in bedrooms and bathrooms.
CONCAVE MIRRORS
• Concave mirrors are spherical mirrors that curve inward like a spoon. They create the
illusion of largeness and are typically found in bathrooms and bedrooms.
CONVEX MIRRORS
• Convex mirrors are also spherical mirrors. However, unlike concave mirrors, they bulge
out and distort the reflected image, making it smaller.
WHY CAN YOU SEE THINGS
AND NOT SEE THINGS?
RAY DIAGRAMS
 RAY DIAGRAMS
• A ray diagram is a diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to
view a point on the image of an object.

Ray Diagrams usually look at the following Image characteristics:

• Image Location – where the image is located (infront of the mirror or behind the mirror)
• Image Size – the size of the image compared to the object (reduced or enlarged)
• Image Orientation – how the image was projected (upright or inverted)
• Image Type – whether it is virtual or real.
PLANE MIRRORS

• The image and object are

equidistant to the mirror.

• The two rays are at the top

and bottom of the object
CONCAVE MIRRORS
• The focus is half the distance from the
center of curvature and the mirror.

• The principal axis is located at the

center of the mirror.

• The distance of the center of curvature

to the middle of the mirror is called
Radius of Curvature.
CONCAVE MIRRORS
CONVEX MIRRORS
• The focus and center of curvature
are behind the mirror.

• The focus is half the distance from

the center of curvature and the
mirror.

• The principal axis is located at the

center of the mirror.
 MATHEMATICAL RAY DIAGRAMS

• FOCAL LENGTH
o If the focal length (f) is positive, it is a concave mirror.
o If the focal length (f) is negative, it is a convex mirror.

• IMAGE LOCATION
o If the distance of the image (di) is positive, the image is in front of the mirror.
o If the distance of the image (di) is negative, the image is behind the mirror.
 MATHEMATICAL RAY DIAGRAMS
• IMAGE SIZE
o If |m| > 1 , then the image is enlarged.
o If |m| < 1 , then the image is reduced.

• IMAGE TYPE
o If the distance of the image (di) is positive, the image is a real image.
o If the distance of the image (di) is negative, the image is a virtual image.

• IMAGE ORIENTATION
o If the magnification (m) is positive, the image is upright.
o If the magnification (m) is negative, the image is inverted.
 MAGNIFICATION EQUATION
• The magnification equation states that M = Hi/Ho = - Di/Do, where M is the
magnification, Hi is the height of the image, Ho is the height of the object, Di is the
distance from the lens to the image and Do is the distance of the object to the lens. The
minus sign signifies the fact that the image will be inverted. The two equal signs means
there are three immediate forms (and four more if you ignore M and solve for the four
other variables), namely M = Hi/Ho, M = - Di/Do and Hi/Ho = - Di/Do.

𝐻𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
m=
𝐻0
= 𝑑𝑜
 MIRROR EQUATION
• The mirror equation expresses the quantitative relationship between the object distance
(do), the image distance (di), and the focal length (f).

1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑 𝑜 𝑑𝑖
 FORMULAS FOR RAY DIAGRAMS
• FOCUS • MIRROR EQUATION
1 1 1
f=½C = +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
• CENTER OF CURVATURE
C= 2f
• MAGNIFICATION FORMULA
𝐻𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
m=
𝐻0
= 𝑑𝑜
THANK YOU
고맙습니다!