Lecture 1

ART AS A HUMANISTIC
DISCIPLINE

UE
LECTURES

❑ Art as a Humanistic Discipline

❑ The Humanities in Western
Civilization
❑ The Humanities and the
Filipino Personhood
(Pagkatao)
❑ The Filipino Concept of Art
Art as a Humanistic Discipline
 FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES

FIELDS OF LEARNING

Sciences HUMANITIES

Language History ART Philosophy

Art ART
Creation APPRECIATION
Artist Spectator
Practice Theory
 THE TWO GENERAL
FIELDS OF LEARNING
The The HUMANITIES
SCIENCES
Deals with natural, Deals with human
physical phenomena
phenomena
 PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE SCIENCES

SUBJECT-KNOWER OBJECT-KNOWN

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

“The scientist learns about things in the world.”

 PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE HUMANITIES

SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN

REFLEXIVE
METHOD

“The humanist learns about the self.”

 The Basic
Question In
The Humanities

“WHO AM I?”
THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS
OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES

“Know
thyself.”
- SOCRATES
470-399 BC

“Withdraw into yourself

Truth dwells in the inner man.”
- St. AUGUSTINE of Hippo
354-430 AD
 THE THE
SCIENCES HUMANITIES

KNOWLEDGE WISDOM

The scientist The humanist

becomes a becomes a
LEARNED MAN. WISE MAN.
 A SCIENTIST
TENDS TO KNOW
EVERYTHING
ABOUT THE WORLD
THAT HE FORGETS
TO KNOW
ANYTHING ABOUT
HIMSELF.

- THALES of Miletus
624-546 BC
 “WHAT THE
SUPERIOR MAN
SEEKS IS IN
HIMSELF, WHAT
THE SMALL MAN
SEEKS IS IN
OTHERS.”

- CONFUCIUS
551-479 BC
 WHO AM I?
What is the basic answer
to this question?
 WHO AM I?
“I am a human being.”
“HUMANITIES”
The Humanities in
Western Civilization
 Panofsky, “Art as a Humanistic Discipline”

“HUMANITIES”
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas humanity

Gods in the state of

divinitas perfection in heaven

People in the state of

humanitas culture in civilized society

Savages in the state of

barbaritas nature for survival
 THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT COSMOCENTRIC VIEW

PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things.
800 BC GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the
universe.
THEOCENTRIC VIEW
MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of
300 AD God
Man is at the center of creation.

RENAISSANCE ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW

HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man.
1400
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW
MODERN
Man is a part of nature.
1600
POSTMODERN ECLECTIC VIEW
Man is a piece of everything.
1960
 ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMO
CENTRICMAN:

GEOCENTRIC
THEORY
Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.

16th-century
representation of
Ptolemy's
geocentric model
in Peter Apian's
Cosmographia,
1524
 MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF
THEOCENTRIC MAN

Man is created by God.

Adam and Eve, from

the Escorial Beatus a
10th century illuminated
manuscript.
 RENAISSANCE
IMAGE OF MAN:

ANTROPOCENTRIC
MAN:

Measure of all things

Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, 1490
 RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN
The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God.

Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512)

 HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY

Removed man from

the center of the
universe and
suggested the view
man was special in
the universe.

Nicolaus
Copernicus' De
revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres)
1543
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is a part of nature.

The Human Evolution

MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.

Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp 1632

MODERN IMAGE
OF SCIENTIFIC-
TECHNOCENTRIC
MAN

Man is dehumanized
during the
industrial age.

Cesar Legaspi
Gadgets
1947
Mideo Cruz, Polytheism, from Kulo Exhibit 2011

POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN

Man is a piece of everything.
 HUMANISTIC
DISCIPLINES

HISTORY
Human events happening in the world
LANGUAGE
Written and oral forms of human communication
PHILOSOPHY
Human reason concerning reality
ART
Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects and
the human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these objects are
made
 ETYMOLOGY
Professional &
Academic Artist
LATIN ENGLISH
FINE ART
ars art Architect
Skillful production Sculptor
or performance MAJOR ART
LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART

SERVILE ART ARTISAN CRAFT

MINOR ART
Stone Cutter
Carpenter
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
 WESTERN CONCEPT OF ART

ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists

ELITIST Meant for the higher social class

HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and

low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk
art, indigenous art, popular art
WESTERN CLASSIFICATION
OF THE ARTS

MAJOR ART
Made by artists and
primarily concerned with
the form of beauty

MINOR ART OR CRAFT

Made by artisans and
concerned with functionality
and usefulness of
human-made objects
(artifacts)
 THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION

PAINTING
Visual SCULPTURE
ARCHITECTURE

MUSIC
Performing DANCE
DRAMA

Linguistic LITERATURE
 MINOR ARTS: CRAFT

Ceramics
Weaving
Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry
Stone Cutting
Gardening
Cooking
Made by the artist and the artisans, Michelangelo,
Sistine Chapel ceiling
but only the artist took the credit 1508-1512
The Humanities and the
Filipino Personhood
(Pagkatao)
“HUMANITIES”
LATIN
humanitas

ENGLISH
humanities

FILIPINO
“pagpapakatao
? ”

Mula sa
“pagkatao”
“tao”
COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY
KATAUHAN PAGKATAO
Biological: Cultural:
Born as a human being Becoming a human being
Act of being human Process of becoming human
“personality” “personhood”
“Madaling maging tao; mahirap
magpakatao.”

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one
becomes a human being
 FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD
How does a human being
become a Filipino?
 Both came
from clay
THE JAR AND THE
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD

LABAS LOOB
ulo isip
dibdib damdamin

LALIM
Manunggul Jar, kaluluwa budhi
Tabon Cave, Palawan
890-710 B.C.
LABAS NG PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical)
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim)
tindig (matangkad, andak)
ilong (matangos, pango)
dibdib (malapad, malaki)
LOOB NG PAGKATAO
Kalooban (Intellectual,
Emotional and Moral)
isip (matalino)
ugali, asal (mabuti)

LALIM NG PAGKATAO
Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
anito (banal)
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS

LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo matalino
salubong ang kilay matapang o galit
malagkit ang tingin umiibig
maduming bibig masamang magsalita

LALIM
malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION
IN FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

LABAS LOOB
hipo dama
pigil timpi
dinig ulinig
tawa tuwa
saya ligaya
sarap ginhawa
 THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a
human being
becomes a Filipino
FILIPINO
ART
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao,
the students would discover and realize their
own identity as a Filipino.
 Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs systems,
knowledge, skills and practices, core principles
and ideas shared by a society”
.

FILIPINO

“It is a sine qua non for becoming active in the

world… a source of social empowerment. Rob
a people of their identity and they become
passive, lost, indolent, uncreative and
unproductive.”
 “The first objective of a colonizing power is to
erase the cultural memory of the conquered
people, to induce a collective amnesia about
their past and supplant it with the culture of
the colonizers. In this lie the roots of Filipino
derivativeness and inferiority complex vis-a-
vis the West.”

Pre-Colonial Period
(Before 1500’s) Had our own cultural identity

Our identity destroyed by

Colonial Period colonizers: Westernization of
(1500-1950) Filipino Culture making us
alienated from our own
Post-Colonial Reclamation, affirmation and
Period definition of our identify in our
(1950 onwards) own terms
 FILIPINO WESTERN
CULTURE CULTURE
(Subordinated) (Standard)

FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY WESTERNIZATION

OF FILIPINO CULTURE
❑ Alienation from Community
❑ Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy:
Thinking in Borrowed Forms and the Economics of
Dependency
❑ Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina
Syndrome:
❑ Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local
❑ Alienation from the Land
❑ Alienation from Being Filipino
❑ Alienation from Sustainable Living
 FILIPINO OTHER
CULTURE CULTURES
(Standard)

Some Recommendations for Developing a Filipino and

Humanistic Perspective

❑ Heightening social consciousness and sense of

responsibility to the nation.
❑ Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural
diversity.
❑ Promoting the local but thinking national or global:
human communities, not the state, are the ultimate
actors in the development process
❑ Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as
lucid mirrors of social consciousness.
THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL
CULTURES AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS

❑ Integration of the arts with other values and

functions
❑ Unity of the arts
❑ Art is integrated with everyday life and not
regarded as a separate activity.
❑ Equality of opportunity for participation in the
artistic and creative process.
❑ Flexibility of material, technical, and formal
requirements
❑ Use of available resources for artistic creation
❑ Emphasis on the creative process rather than the
finished product
❑ Simultaneity of conception and realization
 FILIPINO
ARTS
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao

“The arts can provide us the most vivid

images of social relations and cultural
values. They are perhaps the most lucid
symbols of a people’s quality of being or
consciousness. Contemplating the arts
is like reflecting on the psychic template
of an artist or a cultural community.”
 The Filipino
Concept of Art
 Western
Concept
ART
Academic Only schooled people are artists
Elitist Meant for the higher social class
Hierarchical High and low art, major art and
craft
fine and practical art, folk,
indigenous
Filipino
Concept Has no such Western distinctions

ART
 Son of Chinese immigrants converted to
DAMIAN Christianity, but thought to be a noble
Spanish descent by the Spaniards so that
they commissioned him to paint
DOMINGO
(1796-1834) Engaged by a merchant to paint, in
miniaturismo style, albums of people
wearing their daily costumes

Had a vision of making art more

accessible to the Filipinos (Indios)

Founded the first Art School in the

Philippines Escuela Dibujo y Pintura in
Tondo Manila in 1821

His patron was Sociedad Economica de los

Amigos del Pais

FATHER OF Professor and Director of the Philippine Art

Academy. The academy was closed after
PHILIPPINE his death producing Filipino artists trained
PAINTING in Western artistic tradition
Damian Domingo’s Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes
 JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de
Manila. Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila

Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela

de Bellas Artes de San Fernando

Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas

ACADEMIC Artes in 1884 for Spoliarium
WESTERNIZE
Commissioned by Spanish government to do
D paintings like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto
FILIPINO de Sangre
PAINTER Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-
law, but was acquitted on grounds of crime of
passion.
 Juan Luna, Spoliarium 1884

NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho, 1884, Silver
Medal, Madrid Exposition
 “… In the history of mankind there are names
RIZAL’S which in themselves signify an achievement…. To
such belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their
SPEECH splendor illuminates two extremes of the globe-
the Orient and the Occident, Spain and the
Philippines. As I utter them, I seem to see two
luminous arches that rise from either region to
blend there on high…to unite two peoples with
eternal bonds; two peoples whom the seas and
space vainly separate; two peoples among whom
do not germinate the seeds of disunion blindly
sown by men and their despotism. Luna and
Hidalgo are the pride of Spain as of the
Philippines-though born in the Philippines, they
might have been born in Spain, for genius has no
country; genius bursts forth everywhere…”

Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the
Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other
people in the world with equal dignity and respect.
Juan Luna,
España y
Filipinas
1886

Philippine Western
Art Art

One positive way of looking at Filipino

identity in the arts is to see Philippine
Art as integrated in Western Art, and
these two traditions are uniting and
harmonizing with one another.
NEOCLASSICISM

Guillermo Tolentino, The Andres Bonifacio Monument,

1933
 Fernando Amorsolo,
Rice Planting, 1922

ROMANTIC
REALISM

RENAISSANCE ART

IMPRESSIONISM
Vicente Manansala’s
Market Scene, 1975

TRANSPARENT
CUBISM
 Prudencio Lamarroza
Tree Scape, 1991
SURREALISM
Jose T. Joya’s
Hills of Nikko, 1964

ACTION
PAINTING

ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
Gus Albor’s
Upward
Duality

COLOR
FIELD
PAINTING
T’NALAK, TIBOLI ART (SOUTH COTABATO)
BASEY, ART OF COLORFUL MATS FROM SAMAR-LEYTE
 PABALAT/BORLAS DE PASTILLAS THE ART OF
PASTILLAS WRAPPER MAKING OF PAMPANGA AND
BULACAN
VINTA
BADJAO ART
SARIMANOK DESIGN, MARANAO ART
OKIR, MARANAO ART
TOROGAN, MARANAO HOUSE
MARANAO BRASSWARE ART
BURNAY JARS OF ILOCOS
PASIKING
IFUGAO
NATIVE
BACKPACK
LINGLING-O, ART OF THE
CORDILLERA GROUP
BULUL, IGOROT ART
COLORFUL
ART OF THE
PAROL
PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON
TAKA (Paper Mache) ART OF PAETE, LAGUNA
JEEPNEY ART
THE COLORFUL ART OF THE PHILIPPINE KALESA
THE COLORFUL ART OF MOTORIZED TRICYCLE DESIGN
LAJI OF THE IVATAN IS LITERATURE AND MUSIC.
PASYON IS LITERATURE, AND PABASA IS MUSIC.
SENAKULO IS A THEATER ART.
 “The principle of cultural identity does not mean
that cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures
on earth are to survive, most of them have to
change some of their beliefs and practices in
order to become compatible with one another”
(Felipe, 2011)

FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN

The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in
its relation with other cultures in the world. By
harmonizing the Western and the Filipino
concepts of art and its practice, a truly
Philippine identity in the arts would emerge
out of the shared cultural universe, not only
of our own people, but of the humanity as a
whole.
 ACTIVITY AND
ASSESSMENT
❑ Individual activity: Along the sidewalks or local shops
of within your local community, find a native
Philippine product (work of art) such as basket,
bracelet, hut, rags, textile, sandals, etc.

❑ Make a documentation of the artifact with the

following details:
NAME OF OBJECT/PANGALAN NG BAGAY
CULTURAL GROUP COLLECTED FROM/GALING SA PAMAYANAN NG
NATURE OF OCCASION/KATANGIAN NG OKASYON
DONOR NAME/OWNER/PANGALAN NG DONOR
ADDRESS/SAAN MAKIKITA ANG BAGAY
MATERIALS USED/MGA MATERYALES NA GINAMIT
 ACTIVITY AND
ASSESSMENT
COLORS/MGA KULAY
SPECIAL DURATIONS/MARKS/MGA KATANGIANG MAKIKITA
DIMENSIONS/SUKAT NG BAGAY
PRESENT CONDITION/KASALUKUYANG KALAGAYAN
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION/ PAGGANAP NA PAGLALARAWAN
DOCUMENTATION/DOKUMENTASYON
Name of Researcher/Pangalan ng Nagsaliksik
Date/Petsa

 Write a one-paragraph essay answering the question:

How does the product or artifact express the Filipino
concept of art?

❑ Use the paper provided for this activity.

 RUBRICS FOR ACTIVITY 1
Needs
Excellent Good Fair
CRITERIA Improvement
(16-20 points) (11-15 points) (6-10 points)
(1-5 points)

Documentation Some elements Many elements There is no

Documentation of the artifact is are lacking in the are lacking in the documentation
complete. documentation. documentation at all

The essay answers The essay A large part of the The essay
Content and the question partially answers essay incorrectly does not answer
Substance completely and the question answer the the question at
correctly. correctly. question. all.

The essay is There are many The essay has

The essay abides
understood mistakes in many mistakes
Language and with all the rules of
although there are language, and the in language, and
Comprehension language, and it is
some mistakes in essay is hard to it is totally not
easily understood. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE,
language understand. understood.
UE
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 IMAGES/PHOTOS
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0x2000/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/3/6/367b.jpg
 https://i.gifer.com/OnU6.gif
 https://media0.giphy.com/media/OEJcExkLHQZP2/giphy.gif
 https://assets.rappler.com/09878BA5803E4881BAAD9FEDBF2199A2/img/F8A1
BF4DBE20436AB22295714A55DECD/2017_Giant_Lantern_Festival_in_San_Ferna
ndo_Pampanga-Dec-16-2017-14.jpg
 https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/festivals/5846/pahiyas-festival-
bountiful-harvest-feast-of-colors
 https://traveleronfoot.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/taka-horse.jpg?w=470
 https://static.vecteezy.com/system/resources/previews/000/135/094/non_2
x/philippine-jeep-icon-or-jeepney-front-view-vector.jpg
 https://adobomagazine.com/sites/default/files/field/image/grabkalesa-
newspage.jpg
 http://nomadicalsabbatical.com/the-philippine-tricycle/
 IMAGES/PHOTOS
CREDITS:
 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/C6mvq1GLAIQ/hqdefault.jpg
 http://images.gmanews.tv/webpics/2017/04/640_pasyon_2017_04_15_15_58
_38.jpg
 https://www.hellotravel.com/events/senakulo