Fire Prevention Elements

Fatma Lestari, PhD

1
 Fire Prevention Elements
1. Audit Program
2. Layout and Spacing
3. Control of Ignition Sources
4. Employee Training
5. Housekeeping
6. Incident Investigation
7. Inherently Safer Design
8. Plant Maintenance
9. Management of Change
10. Material Hazards
11. Alarm and Surveillance
2
 Fire Prevention Elements
12.Process hazard analysis (Bagian 6)
13. Risk analysis (Bagian 6)
14.Fire protection equipment inspection
(Bagian 10)
15. Impairment handling (Bagian 10)
16. Emergency response (Bagian 11)

3
 1 Audit Program
• An audit is a systematic, independent review to verify
conformance with established guidelines or standards
• An audit uses a well-defined review process to ensure
consistency and allow the auditor to reach conclusions
• An audit evaluates the procedures, operations, and
activities performed in the management and execution
of a program in order to verify conformity to
established criteria
• to provide feedback to management and those
responsible for the status of the audited program

4
 2 Layout and Spacing
• layout and spacing as a key means of
preventing the spread of fires
• All site buildings and structures are
constructed of noncombustible materials,
particularly exteriors and structural support
systems.
• Control rooms, operating offices, and their
occupants are separated from potential
hazardous processing areas.

5
 2 Layout and Spacing
• Storage of large volumes of flammable or
combustible materials is separated from high
value operating or processing areas and
personnel occupancies.
• Fire process heaters and boilers, incinerators,
flares, and other equipment with flame burners
are located at an appropriate distance from high
value operating or processing areas, large volume
storage of flammable or combustible materials,
control rooms, operating offices, and their
occupants.

6
 3 Control of Ignition Sources
• A fundamental element of fire prevention
• The process should be designed, installed, and
operated to minimize or prevent the release
or spill of flammable gases, liquids, or
combustible dusts
• eliminate or control ignition sources

7
 3 Control of Ignition Sources
• Electrical area classification
• Control of personal ignition sources
• Control of hot work
• Control of static electricity

8
 Electrical Area Classification
• National Electric Code (NFPA 70) divides
hazardous locations into three classes
according to the nature of the hazard:
– Class I Flammable Liquids and Gases
– Class II Combustible Dusts
– Class III Easily Ignitable Fibers and Flyings

9
 Personal Ignition Sources
• These ignition sources include any material,
object, or device that is potentially or capable
of producing a spark.
– Pagers
– cellular phones
– personal digital assistants (PDAs)
– personal radios
– music players

10
 Personal Ignition Sources
• matches, lighters
• carelessly discarded cigarettes
• other smoking materials

11
 Hot Work
• Open flame of a torch used for heating or thawing
process lines
• Torch cutting
• Welding
• Improperly applied electric arc welding grounding
clamps
• Molten slag or metal that flows from the work piece
• Improperly handled soldering iron or propane torch
• Grinding sparks that fly from the work
• Electric motor-powered hand tools

12
 Hot Work
• Portable heaters
• Forklift trucks or other industrial powered vehicles not
rated or classified for use in a potentially hazardous
area
• Vacuum tank trucks removing spilled
flammable/combustible material
• Roofing installation or repair using hot-mopped
asphalt or using openflame
• heating devices to seal roofing sheet membrane seams
• Diesel engines  need to be remotely sited or
provided with flame arrestors, insulation on hot
surfaces/exhausts

13
 Hot Work
• Control of hazards related to portable equipment
and hot work requires developing and
maintaining a comprehensive hot work
procedure
• Assigned responsibility for the program
• A permit system requiring:
– Job site to be inspected before work begins
– Testing for the presence of flammable vapors and
inspection for combustible materials
– Personal protective equipment appropriate to the job

14
 Hot Work
– Additional temporary protections, e.g., a firewatch
with fire extinguisher
– A time limit for the duration of the permit
– Signed approval by a designated authorized person
– Close-out of work permit
• Training of personnel
• Providing/maintaining necessary equipment,
e.g., flammable vapor detectors
• Auditing and periodic review of program.
15
 Static Electricity
• Flow of liquids in piping
• Pneumatic conveying of dusts, powders, or particulates
• Splash or free-fall filling of tanks, vessels, or containers
• Mixing and blending of powders
• Use of wet steam
• Moving nonconductive rubber belts, e.g., conveyors or
drive belts
• Personnel wearing nonconductive shoes
• Static generated by clothing
• Atmospheric lighting strikes
• Stray electrical currents from faulty equipment, improperly
applied electric welding leads, or other sources

16
 4 Employee Training
• to provide knowledge of process operations
and job execution skills is an important aspect
of incident and fire prevention
• execute fire protection tasks

17
18
 5 Housekeeping
• poor housekeeping contributes to an increased frequency
of loss and greater loss potential
• Greater continuity of combustibles that makes fire spread
easier and increases the area of involvement.
• Impaired ingress and egress.
• Increased overall combustible loading that provides more
fuel to feed a fire and can increase the severity of the fire.
• Increased potential for severe secondary dust explosions
when dust accumulates.
• Increased probability of fire.
• Increased probability of spontaneous ignition in residue
accumulations or thick dust layers.

19
 5 Housekeeping
 Clean environment and conditions  free from
combustible fuel which can potentially ignited
 Do not put flammable materials in the trash bin
 Placement of recycle bin materials (paper, cardboard)
 proper placement, do not block means of escape
 Corridors and stairways should be free from fuel loads
(trash bin, recycle materials bin, etc)
 No combustible materials outside the recycle bin
containers

20
 6 Incident Investigation
• Accidents cause:
– Serious injury to personnel
– Significant damage to property
– Adverse environmental impact
– A major interruption of process operations
• A facility’s incident investigation process should
be based on a documented procedure defining
the goals and requirements of incident
investigations and providing detailed steps
outlining how incident investigations will be
performed and reported

21
 6 Incident Investigation
• The facility Incident Investigation Procedure
should clearly establish the process,
responsibilities, and accountability for incident
investigations

22
 7 Inherently Safer Design
• Inherent or Intrinsic—eliminating the hazard by
using materials and process conditions that are
nonhazardous (e.g., substituting water for a
flammable solvent).
• Passive—eliminating or minimizing the hazard by
process and equipment design features that do
not eliminate the hazard, but do reduce either
the frequency or consequence of the hazard
without the need for any device to function
actively (e.g., the use of higher pressure-rated
equipment).

23
 7 Inherently Safer Design
• Active—using controls, safety interlocks, and
emergency shutdown systems to detect
potentially hazardous process deviations and take
corrective action. These are commonly referred
to as engineering controls.
• Procedural—using operating procedures,
administrative checks, emergency response, and
other management approaches to prevent
incidents or to minimize the effects of an
incident. These are commonly referred to as
administrative controls.

24
 8 Plant Maintenance
• Overall plant-wide maintenance is an element
of fire prevention
• It is shared with the business need to maintain
the production process, as well as
with Process Safety Management and other
health, safety, and environmental programs

25
 Poor Maintenance
• Change in key indicators, i.e., mean time between
failure, overdue inspections, reduced equipment
availability
• Frequent or temporary repairs
• Process leaks, releases, and spills
• Missing covers on equipment
• Electrical panels left open
• Insulation left off after maintenance
• Unpainted rusting pipework and structural metal
• Nonfunctional gauges and instruments

26
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• High ratio of preventive to repair maintenance
work
• A maintenance organization with leadership that
can implement and support an effective
maintenance program and appropriately trained
personnel who will consistently “do the job right
the first time, on time.”
• An ongoing risk analysis and risk ranking system
that focuses and supports maintenance program
needs.

27
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• Risk-based maintenance priorities that ensure
sufficient resources are applied to items identified as
high risk (critical equipment).
• Clear management support and commitment for
critical equipment maintenance, testing, and
inspection, since these activities often require
production downtime in order to be performed.
• Written procedures to describe how critical equipment
maintenance will be performed, quality-controlled, and
safety-ensured, such as use of decontamination, hot
work, line-breaking, and lockout/tagout procedures.

28
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• An efficient work order system that provides adequate
description of work to be performed, the parts
required, and the procedures to be followed.
• This work order system should also document
completed work information in equipment history files.
• Controls and sign-offs in the work order system that
ensure Management of Change procedures are
followed.
• Precautions and practices to ensure that equipment
worked on has been restored to its normal conditions
before it is returned to service.

29
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• A maintenance information system that
details equipment and component
maintenance scope and frequency, documents
work completed, and provides feedback on
maintenance program effectiveness.
• Controls and surveillance procedures that
ensure contractor-performed work also
adheres to all facility health, safety, and
environmental, and loss prevention programs.

30
 9 Management of Change
• Management of Change (MOC) procedures
ensure that changes and modifications to
operations receive appropriate review and
approval before implementation
• to ensure that proposed changes are analyzed for
their possible impact on fire prevention
• review of potential hazards
• Approval by a designated person or function with
fire prevention and protection responsibility.
31
 10 Material Hazards
• Materials Hazard Identification and
information gathering is an essential element
of fire prevention
• Materials Hazard Identification program
requires knowledge of a material’s toxicity and
reactivity, as well as flammability

32
Materials Hazards Evaluation Program
• Assign responsibility for the program to determine the
physical and chemical properties of each material handled
at the facility.
• Collect available information, evaluate the hazardous
properties, and identify the relative hazard levels of each
substance and any necessary handling precautions.
• Identify those potentially hazardous materials for which
important properties are unknown and conduct
appropriate material hazards evaluation tests.
• Distribute material hazard information and handling
precautions to employees, emergency response
organization, and others as appropriate.

33
 Material Safety Data Sheets
• Facilities should obtain data about a substance
from the chemical manufacturers’ Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or from other
published sources
• material brought onsite by contractors

34
 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• Provide notification of emergency events
• Can be used manually by people observing the
emergency
• Can automatically activate protection systems
• Notify those onsite of an emergency and
communicate actions to take
• Provide surveillance of the facility for fire
• Notify offsite emergency response organizations

NFPA 72, NFPA 101

35
 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• A continuously manned location for receiving and
acting on reported incidents and emergencies.
• Automated detection and protection systems to
signal at an offsite central alarm station service
for continuous monitoring.
• A reporting system for personnel to report
incidents and emergencies to the manned
station. This could include an “alarm pull-box”
system, plant telephones, or radios.

36
 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• An alarm system for notifying personnel of an
emergency in progress and for communicating
action required, such as information only, shelter-
in-place, or evacuate. This could include bells,
sirens, whistles, horns, or public address systems.
• A documented procedure for periodically and
systematically testing the reporting and alarm
systems to confirm their functionality.
• Assurance of an acceptable level of surveillance
for the facility by appropriate resources,
procedures, and facility design features.

37
 Security measures
• Perimeter fences with anti-climbing features
• Adequate illumination of perimeter and key
areas at night
• Locked gates at road and railroad entrances
• Surveillance video cameras at gates, perimeters,
and strategic locations
• Guard/security personnel sufficient to staff a
central station and provide routine checks at key
points in the facility
• Motion detectors

38