By:

Chitrakshi Goel
M. Tech. EST
Valve
An integral component in piping system
primary method of controlling the flow, pressure and
direction of the fluid within a system or process
 Valves may be required to operate
continuously e.g. control valves, or
intermittently e.g. isolation valves, or
rarely e.g. safety valves
• A valve can be an extremely simple, low cost item or it
may be and extremely complicated, expensive item.
Valve
Valve controls a system or process fluid flow and
pressure by performing any of the following functions:
Stopping and starting fluid flow
Varying the amount of fluid flow
Controlling the direction of fluid flow
Regulating downstream system or process pressure
Relieving overpressure in any component or piping
Parts of Valve
1. Body
2. Bonnet
3. Stem
4. Actuator
5. Packing
6. Seat
7. Disk
Valve Body
is the principal element of a valve assembly and
is the framework that holds everything; all other parts
fit onto the body
is usually cast or forged into a variety of shapes
inlet and outlet pipes fit onto the valve body through
threaded, bolted or welded joints
resists fluid pressure loads from connecting piping
Valve Body
Fluid passes through the valve body when the valve is
open
Valve body must be strong enough to take the
maximum pressure of the process fluid and must be
made of a material that is not attacked by the fluid
Bonnet
A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body
is the removable cover fitted to the body
Some bonnets support the moving parts of the valve.
Others just close the hole in the body through which the
moving parts pass for assembly and dismantling.
During manufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put
into the body and then the bonnet is attached to hold
everything together inside.
Valve Trim
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred
to as a TRIM.
The trim typically includes:
the opening/closing element (disk): closes the fluid path
through the valve body
the valve stem—connects the actuator to the closing
element
the valve seat—makes a seal with the closing element when
the valve is closed
Stem
The stem, which connects the actuator and disk, is
responsible for positioning the disk.
Stems are typically forged and connected to the disk by
threaded or welded joints.
There are two types of valve stems: rising stems and non-
rising stems. These two types of stems are easily
distinguished by observation.
For a rising stem valve, the stem will rise above the actuator
as the valve is opened. There is no upward stem movement
from outside the valve for a non-rising stem design.
Actuator
The actuator operates the stem and closing element (disk)
assembly.
An actuator may be a manually operated handwheel,
manual lever, motor operator etc.
In some designs, the actuator is supported by the bonnet.
In other designs, a yoke mounted to the bonnet supports
the actuator.
Packing
Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage
from the space between the stem and the bonnet.
Packing is commonly a fibrous material that forms a seal
between the internal parts of a valve and the outside where
the stem extends through the body.
Disk and Seat
Disk provides the capability for permitting and
prohibiting fluid flow.
The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface for the
disk. A fine surface finish of the seating area of a disk is
necessary for good sealing when the valve is closed.
Types of Valves
Block Valve- stop and start flow
Flow Control Valve- control flow rate
Non-Return Valve- prevent flow reversal
Pressure Control Valve- prevent fluid pressure
exceeding a set maximum
Block Valve
either allow full flow or stop flow completely
should only be operated in the fully open or fully closed
position
 If they are only partly opened, they offer a lot of resistance to
flow
Fluid friction and turbulence cause a loss of pressure in the
fluid and can cause vibration.
are not meant to control flow rate
Types of Block Valve
Gate Valve
Ball Valve
Plug Valve
Gate Valve
are used to start or stop a flow completely and should not be
used to control flow rate.
Using in a partially open position can damage the valve
Fluid flow across the gate causes erosion to the gate making
it impossible to seal well against its seat
Fluid can flow through most gate valves in either direction
The closing element in a gate valve is a wedge-shaped disc
or gate attached to the end of the stem
The gate fits into a wedge-shaped seat in the valve body to
stop flow through the valve
Rising Stem Gate Valve
Gate Valve
is classed as linear-motion valve as the closing element
moves in a straight line (e.g. down and up) to close and
open the valve
can have rising or non-rising stems
In rising stem gate valve, the stem moves up and down
with the gate. Rising stem is fixed to the gate and can not
turn in it.
Non-rising stems are threaded at the bottom and this
thread mates with a thread in the gate.
Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve
Ball Valve
starts and stops flow by rotating a ball-shaped closing
element
classed as rotational-motion valve
The ball has a hole through it of the same diameter as the
pipeline.
The valve is open when the hole lines up with the inlet and
outlet of the valve body.
only used in the fully closed or fully open positions
The open valve leaves a clear path for flow with no
obstruction.
Plug Valve
Operation of a plug valve is similar to the ball valve
also rotational-motion valves
The main difference is the shape of the closing element,
which is a tapered plug of circular section. The plug has a
hole called a port.
Plug valves are normally used in non-throttling, on-off
operations, particularly where frequent operation of the
valve is necessary.
Flow Control Valve
Control of flow rate is done by reducing the area of the
flow path through a valve, this also reduces the fluid
pressure.
Block valves should not be used to control the flow. The
pressure drop across them is too great and the flow
becomes turbulent. Turbulent flow can cause many
problems in pipelines and equipment. In a valve, it can
erode the closing element and valve seat. Turbulent flow
also increases the rate of wear.
Flow Control Valve
Flow Control Valves are designed to operate
partially opened with little pressure loss and
turbulence.
also called regulating valves
Types of Flow Control Valve
Globe Valves
Butterfly Valves
Diaphragm Valves
Needle Valves
Globe Valve
is a linear-motion valve and can look very similar to gate valve
from the outside
has rising stems but, unlike gate valves, the actuator is fixed to
the stem and rises with it.
Its design makes it good for flow regulation as well as starting
and stopping flow.
Globe valves can have three main types of body
Z-type
Angle
Y-type
(a) Valve Closed (b) Valve Open
 Here, the fluid
pressure helps to
push the valve
open.
used mainly for
small-size, low-
pressure
applications

Z-Type Globe Valve

Y-type globe valve have the seat at about 45° to the flow
direction, hence straightens the flow path and reduces the
pressure drop. It can be used for high-pressure
applications.
Y-Type Globe Valve
Butterfly Valve
is rotational-motion valve
Like ball and plug valves, it needs only a quarter turn
(90°) to fully open or close it
It can start, stop and regulate flow, although it is not very
good at completely stopping the flow.
The closing element is a circular disc of a similar
diameter to the ID of the pipe. The disc turns to open and
close the valve.
(a) Valve Closed (b) Valve Open
Butterfly Valve
Butterfly valves are simple and take up little space.
This makes them especially good for use in large
pipelines or where there is not much space.
Operating a butterfly valve can take a lot of force as one
has to push it against the fluid pressure.
Larger valves usually have geared actuators to make
operation easier.
Diaphragm Valve
The closing element of a diaphragm valve is not a solid
disc. Instead, it has a sheet of flexible material called a
diaphragm.
This diaphragm completely separates the valve trim from
the fluid flowing through the valve. This means that the
fluid does not contact the trim and the stem does not need
any gland packing.
Diaphragm valves are rising-stem, linear-motion valves.
As the actuator turns, the stem screws into or out of the
sleeve attached to the actuator.
Diaphragm Valve Positions
Needle Valve
Needle valves are linear-motion valves.
can make very small adjustments to flow rate.
Its name comes from the long, tapered shape of the
bottom of the spindle that forms the closing element.
Non-return (Check) Valve
Non-return valves, also called check valves, stop flow
reversal in a pipe.
only allow fluid to flow in one direction.
The pressure of the fluid passing through the valve in the
correct direction opens it automatically.
If the flow tries to reverse, the valve closes automatically.
There are a number of designs of non-return valve. Some
rely on the weight of the closing element and fluid flow
only to close them. Others have a spring to help close
them.
Types of NRV
Swing Check Valves
Lift Check Valves
Piston Check Valves
Ball Check Valves
Stop Check Valves
Swing Check Valve
In this type, the valve disc is hinged at the top. When
there is no flow, the weight of the disc closes the valve.
This valve must be mounted in a horizontal pipeline, with
the disc hinge at the top to allow gravity to close it.
Lift Check Valve
These valves have a similar valve body and seating
arrangement to globe valves.
Flow must enter from under the seat to lift the closing
element.
Flow in the reverse direction pushes the closing element
against its seat.
The closing element may be free to fall under its own
weight, or it may be helped by a spring
Piston Check Valve
Piston check
valves are similar
to lift check
valves.
Instead of a valve
disc there is a
piston that slides in
a cylinder.
This gives a
smoother motion
during operation.
Ball Check Valve
This type of valve
has a spherical
(ball-shaped)
closing element.
Like the other
check valves, the
closing element
may operate by
gravity or the flow
pressure or it may
be spring-loaded.
Stop Check Valve
A stop check is a non-return globe valve.
It is similar to a globe valve but the valve disk is free to
slide on the stem.
With the valve stem raised, it acts as a lift check valve
allowing flow only from below the disc.
If there is no flow, or if flow reverses, the disc drops into
the seat.
When the stem is lowered to the closed position, the disc
can not lift and flow is stopped in both directions.
Pressure Control Valve
Pressure control valves can be divided into three main types:
pressure reducing
pressure relief
pressure safety
Pressure reducing valves operate where a pressure drop is
needed between two parts of a process.
Pressure relief valves maintain fluid pressure below a
maximum allowable value for a process.
Pressure safety valves protect the plant from damage caused by
overpressure.
Pressure Reducing Valve
Reducing valves automatically reduce liquid or gas
pressure to a pre-set value.
One common use is to control the pressure of gas leaving
gas bottles and vessels, for example pressure reducing
valves on gas welding equipment.
During operation, the valve continuously opens and
closes to maintain a flow of fluid at the reduced pressure.
The operation of this valve depends on the balance
between the fluid pressures acting above and below a
piston, and a spring force.
Pressure Reducing Valve
When the force of the low pressure fluid plus the spring
force pushing down on the piston is more than the force of
the high pressure supply fluid pushing up, the piston
closes the valve.
When the force of the low pressure fluid drops, the new
lower pressure plus the spring force pushing down on the
piston becomes less than the force of the high pressure
fluid pushing up and the piston opens the valve.
Pressure Relief Valve
is used mainly to relieve overpressure of liquids.
This happens when a liquid in a closed container or
pipeline expands as its temperature increases.
Under normal operating conditions, a spring holds the
PRV closed. Fluid pressure pushes against the spring to
open the valve.
The fluid pressure needed to push the valve open is called
the set-point pressure. The setpoint pressure is usually the
maximum normal operating pressure of the liquid.
• When the liquid pressure
exceeds the set-point
pressure, the valve opens
slowly. It releases just
enough liquid to bring the
pressure down to the
normal operating
pressure.
• The spring then closes the
valve slowly so that
normal operations can
continue. The outlet from
the valve is connected
back into the inlet of the
equipment so that no
liquid is lost.
Pressure Safety Valve
is used mainly to relieve overpressure of gases and
vapours (e.g. steam).
The set-point pressure is greater than the maximum
normal operating pressure of the process fluid but less than
the maximum safe working pressure of the equipment.
When the fluid pressure exceeds the set-point pressure, the
valve pops fully open. This happens very quickly to
release overpressure as quickly as possible.
The pressure at which the valve closes again is lower than
the opening set-point pressure.
The valve outlet
diameter is greater
than the inlet.
This allows fluid
to escape quickly
to bring pressure
down to normal
(both in PRV and
PSV).
THANKS