SCHIZOAFFECTIVE

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SKIZOAFEKTIF

PERBEDAAN
SKIZOFRENIA
DENGAN
SKIZOAFEKTIF
DEFINISI

• Kelainan mental yang ditandai dengan gejala kombinasi antara


skizofrenia dan gangguan afektif yang menonjol pada saat bersamaan,
atau dalam beberapa hari yang satu sesudah yang lain, dalam satu
episode penyakit yang sama.
• Schizoaffective disorder  symptoms skizofrenia dan bipolar
disorder, oleh karena itu sering terjadi misdiagnosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGI
• Prevalence estimated at < 1% (0.5-0.8%) in general population
• There is consensus that schizoaffective disorder is probably less
common than schizophrenia
• The incidence of schizoaffective disorders is higher in women than
men due to the increased incidence of the depressive type in females.
• Depressive subtype may be more common in elderly
• Schizoaffective disorder usually begins in the late teen years or early
adulthood, often between ages 16 and 30. It's rare in children.
ETIOLOGI
The exact cause of schizoaffective disorder is unknown. A combination of
causes may contribute to the development of schizoaffective disorder.
• Genetics. Schizoaffective disorder tends to run in families. This does not
mean that if a relative has an illness, you will absolutely get it. But it does
mean that there is a greater chance of you developing the illness.
• Brain chemistry and structure. Brain function and structure may be
different in ways that science is only beginning to understand. Brain scans
are helping to advance research in this area.
• Stress. Stressful events such as a death in the family, end of a marriage or
loss of a job can trigger symptoms or an onset of the illness.
• Drug use. Psychoactive drugs such as LSD have been linked to the
development of schizoaffective disorder.
FAKTOR
RISIKO PRE-,
PERI-, POST-
NATAL
TIPE SKIZOAFEKTIF
F.25 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF
F25.0 Gangguan skizoafektif tipe manik
KLASIFIKASI F25.1 Gangguan skizoafektif tipe depresif
F25.2 Gangguan skizoafektif tipe campuran
PPDGJ III
F25.8 Gangguan skizoafektif lainnya
F25.9 Gangguan skizoafektif YTT
• Episode manik
GEJALA • Episode depresif
KLINIS • Skizofrenia
GEJALA KLINIS
• Episode mania
• Grandiositas atau meningkatnya kepercayaan diri
• Berkurangnya kebutuhan tidur
• Bicara lebih banyak dari biasanya atau adanya desakan untuk tetap
berbicara
• Loncatan gagasan atau pengalaman subjektif adanya pikiran yang
berlomba
• Distraktibilitas
• Meningkatnya tingkat aktivitas yang berfokus pada tujuan di rumah, di
tempat kerja, atau secara seksual
• Keterlibatan berlebihan dalam aktivitas yang menyenangkan yang
berpotensi merugikan
GEJALA KLINIS
• Episode depresi:
• Perasaan depresi
• Berkurangnya kesenangan atau minat dalam hampir semua kegiatan
• Perubahan berat badan dan nafsu makan
• Hipersomnia atau insomnia
• Retardasi atau agitasi psikomotor
• Hilangnya energi atau fatigue
• Perasaan tidak berharga atau rasa bersalah yang berlebih
• Kesulitan berpikir dan membuat keputusan
• Memiliki rencana atau percobaan bunuh diri
GEJALA SKIZOFRENIA
• Skizofrenia:
• Delusion
• Halusinasi
• Pola pikir tidak teratur
• Perilaku aneh atau tidak biasa
• Gerak tubuh lambat
• Ekspresi wajah dan cara berbicara datar, tidak menunjukkan emosi apa-
apa
• Tidak termotivasi dalam hidup
• Masalah dalam berbicara/berkomunikasi
PEDOMAN DIAGNOSTIK SKIZOFRENIA
F25
GANGGUAN
SKIZOAFEKTIF
F25.0 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF TIPE MANIK
F25.1 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF TIPE DEPRESIF
F25.2 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF TIPE CAMPURAN
F25.8 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF LAINNYA
F25.9 GANGGUAN SKIZOAFEKTIF YTT
• Pemeriksaan :
• Pemeriksaan status mental
• Pemeriksaan fisik
• Pemeriksaan neurologis
• Pemeriksaan lab :
• Hitung darah lengkap
• Elektrolit
DIAGNOSIS • Thyroid stimulating hormone level
• Urinalisis dan serum toxicology screening
• Serology
• Px. Imaging:
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
TREATMENT
• Antipsychotic drugs
• Mood stabilizers (anti manic)
• Antidepressants
PROGNOSIS
• Prognosis untuk gangguan skizoafektif agak lebih baik daripada
prognosis untuk skizofrenia tetapi lebih buruk daripada prognosis
untuk gangguan mood.
• Insiden bunuh diri secara keseluruhan diperkirakan sekitar 10%.
Wanita lebih banyak mencoba bunuh diri daripada pria, tetapi pria
lebih sering bunuh diri
ANTIPSIKOTIK
• Used to target psychosis and aggressive behavior in schizoaffective
disorder.
• Other symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms,
disorganized speech, and behavior.
• Most first and second generation antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.
• While second-generation antipsychotics have further actions on serotonin
receptors.
• Antipsychotics include, but are not limited to paliperidone (FDA approved
for schizoaffective disorder), risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine,
ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and haloperidol. Clozapine is a consideration for
refractory cases, much like in schizophrenia.
MOOD STABILIZERS
• Patients who have periods of distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, a
flight of ideas, increased goal-directed activity, decreased need for
sleep, and who are hyperverbal fall under the bipolar-specifier for
schizoaffective disorder.
• Consider the use of mood-stabilizers if the patient has a history of
manic or hypomanic symptoms. These include medications such as
lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine
which target mood dysregulation.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• Used to target depressive symptoms in schizoaffective disorder.
• Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are preferred due to
lower risk for adverse drug effects and tolerability when compared to
the tricyclic antidepressants, and selective norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitors.
• SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram,
paroxetine, and fluvoxamine.
• It is vital to rule out bipolar disorder before starting an antidepressant
due to risk for exacerbating a manic episode.
NONFARMAKOLOGI
• Psikoterapi
• Individual therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducational programs.
• The aim is to develop their social skills and improve cognitive functioning to
prevent relapse and possible rehospitalization.
• This treatment plan includes education about the disorder, etiology, and
treatment.
• Indicidual therapy
• This type of treatment aims to normalize thought processes and better help
the patient understand the disorder, to reduce the burden of symptoms.
• Sessions focus on everyday goals, social interactions, and conflict' this
includes social skills training and vocational training.
• Family and/or group therapy
• Family involvement is crucial in the treatment of this schizoaffective disorder.
• Family education aids in compliance with medications and appointments, and
helps provide structure throughout the patient's life given the dynamic nature
of the schizoaffective disorder.
• Supportive group programs can also help if the patient has been in social
isolation and provides a sense of shared experiences among participants.
• ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
• ECT is usually a last resort treatment.
• However, not only has it been used in urgent cases and treatment resistance,
but it should also merit consideration in augmentation of current
pharmacotherapy.
• The most common indicated symptoms are catatonia and aggression.
• ECT is safe and effective for most chronically hospitalized patients.
GEJALA KLINIS
Gejala manik Gejala depresif • Gejala skizofrenia
• Terlihat lebih aktif dari biasanya, • Hilang nafsu makan • Delusion (percaya pada hal yang
termasuk di kantor, di pergaulan, jelas-jelas tidak benar, dan tetap
dan secara seksual • Berat badan turun atau naik bersikukuh bahwa hal tersebut
tanpa disengaja adalah nyata meski sudah
• Lebih cerewet dan bicara lebih • Perubahan kebiasaan tidur diperlihatkan bukti dan fakta)
cepat (menjadi jarang tidur atau malah
• Banyak pikiran berseliweran di tidur lama sekali) • Halusinasi
kepala (melihat/mendengar/merasakan
• Gelisah hal yang tidak nyata, misalnya
• Tidak merasa perlu tidur mendengar suara yang berbicara
• Hilang energi padanya)
• Gelisah, tidak sabaran • Hilang minat pada hal-hal yang • Pola pikir tidak teratur
• Berbangga diri biasanya dilakukan setiap hari
• Perilaku aneh atau tidak biasa
• Konsentrasi muah pecah • Merasa diri tak berarti dan tak
punya harapan • Gerak tubuh lambat
• Perilaku
membahayakan/merugikan diri • Perasaan bersalah atau • Ekspresi wajah dan cara
sendiri (menghambur-hamburkan menyalahkan diri sendiri berbicara datar, tidak
uang, kebut-kebutan di jalan, menunjukkan emosi apa-apa
melakukan seks bebas tanpa • Kesulitan berpikir dan
konsentrasi • Tidak termotivasi dalam hidup
pengaman, dll)
• Memikirkan kematian atau • Masalah dalam
bunuh diri berbicara/berkomunikasi
GEJALA
KLINIS

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