Process Variable

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Raising a new Generation of Leaders
Chemical Engineering
Course Title: Chemical Engineering Process Analysis 1
Course Code CHE 310
3 Units
Course Lecturer: Engr. Mrs. O.G Abatan and

Engr P. A. Alaba
Conversion of unitis
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
• 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
1 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 1
• =
𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
example
• 500 kg to lbm
• (2.2 lbm=1 kg)
• 400 cm2 to mm2
• (1 cm=10 mm)2
3
Tutorials
• Consider the following equation of motion:
• C (ft) = 5 t(s) – 3
• Derive an equivalent equation for distance in
meters and
• time in minutes.
4
OPERATIONS OF UNITS
• Addition/subtraction of units
• Multiplication/ division of units
5
How to check for consistency in dimensions
• In all equations each variable must have the

same dimension.
• 𝑄 + 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑀𝑁 − 𝑂
6
What is a dimensionless quantity
• The are quantities without units or dimesions. Eg
Reynolds number
𝜌𝐷𝑣
• Re=𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
• 𝜌= 3 ,𝐷= 𝑚, 𝑣 = ,𝜇 =
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚.𝑠
• Uses of Dimensionless Quantities
• Used in arguments of special functions such as
exponential,
• logarithmic, or trigonometric functions.
7
Example on Dimensional Consistency
• The density of a fluid is given by the empirical
equation
−7
• 𝜌 = 70.5 exp(8.27 x 10 P)
• where 𝜌 = density in (lbm/ft3) and P = pressure
(lbf/in2).
• a. What are the units of 70.5 and 8.27x10-7?
• b. Derive a formula for 𝜌 (g/cm3) and P (N/m2)
8
Process
What is a Process
• A process is a series of actions or steps taken in
order to achieve a particular end.
• A process is any operation by which a particular
objective is accomplished.
• “A process is a series of operations involving the
physical, chemical, or biological transformation of
an input material for the purpose of achieving a
desired product material.”
9
Process
• In an "engineering" sense, a chemical
process is a method intended to be used in
manufacturing or on an industrial scale to
change the composition of chemical(s) or
material(s), usually using technology similar or
related to that used in chemical plants or the
chemical industry.
10
Process
• In an "engineering" sense, a chemical
process is a method intended to be used in
manufacturing or on an industrial scale to
change the composition of chemical(s) or
material(s), usually using technology similar or
related to that used in chemical plants or the
chemical industry.
11
Process
• a chemical process is a method or means of
somehow changing one or more chemicals
(reactants) or chemical compounds into desired
products.
12
• Processes can presented as block flow
diagrams or process flow diagrams.
13
Process variables
• Process variables are parameters measured in
other to characterize or describe a chemical
process. A process variable, process value or
process parameter is the current measured
value of a particular part of a process which is
being monitored or controlled.
14
Process variables
• This variables can be divided into two
A. Material and chemical composition
• Mass
• Volume
• Mole
B. Process conditions
• Tempature
• Pressure
15
MASS AND VOLUME
• density: mass per unit volume, Density 𝜌 can be
defined as the Ratio of mass per unit volume.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
• 𝜌= = 3 , , 3, 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐿 𝑚𝑙 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
16
• 1. Densities of gases depend on pressure and
temperature.
• 2. Densities of solids and liquids do not change
significantly with pressure at ordinary conditions
but change with temperature.
• The density of a substance can be used as a
conversion factor to relate the mass and the volume
of a quantity of the substance.
17
MASS AND VOLUME
• Specific volume: volume per unit mass, m3/kg
20℃
• Specific gravity: SG = 𝜌/𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑔 = 0.6
4℃
• Water is mostly used as reference material for liuid

and solid at 4 oC
18
Air can be used as reference material for gases
• The temperature at which each density is
measured is very important.
19
• Calculate the density of mercury in lb /ft3 from
a tabulated specific gravity, and calculate the
volume
• in ft3 occupied by 215 kg of mercury given that
the specific density is 13.546
20
• All processes involve the transportation of
materials or reactants. The rate at which this
material moved are referred to as the mass
flowrate or the volumetric flow rate
• mass flow rate of the fluid is = 𝑚(kg/s)
ሶ 2,
• volumetric flow rate of the fluid at the given

ሶ 3 /s),
cross section = 𝑣(m
21
• However, the mass and the volume of a fluid,
that passes through the cross section each
second are not independent quantities but are
related through the fluid density
•
22
FLOW METER
• Flow meters are devices used in measuring flow rates.
They are mounted in a process line for the purpose of
continuous reading during a process.
• The two types of flow meter commonly used are
rotameter and the orifice meter
•
• ROTAMETER
• It is a tapered vertical tube containing a float; the larger
the flow rate, the higher the float rises in the tube.
23
FLOW METER
• ORIFICE METER
• The orifice meter is an obstruction in the flow
channel with a narrow opening through which the
fluid passes. The fluid pressure decreases from the
upstream side of the orifice to the downstream side;
the pressure drop
• varies with the flow rate
• the greater the flow rate, the larger the pressure
drop.
24
FLOW METER
25
• A) roatameter b) an orifice meter
26
Mole and Molecular weight
• The atomic weight of an element is the mass of
an atom on a scale that assigns 12
• The molecular weight of a compound is the sum
of the atomic weights of the atoms that
constitute a molecule of the compound:
• e.g H2O
27
• The mole unit refers to a certain number of
molecules, atoms, or subatomic
• particles.
• The mole is the amount of substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12” – 1969
International Committee on Weights and
Measures
28
• It can also be said that it Contains Avogadro’s
number of entities (molecule, atom,
• or any particles) – 6.02 x 1023
• Amount of a chemical species whose mass is
equal to its molecular weight. When the
molecular weight of a substance is said to M, it
means that Mkg/kmol, mg/gmol or Mlbm/lb-
mole
29
• The molecular weight can be used to know the
exact amount of moles in a substance.
• 1 kmol = 1000 gmol
• 1 lbmol = 454.54 gmol
• Convert 34kg of NH3 to kmol and lb-mole
30
• The molecular weight of a substance can also
relate the mass flowrate to the molar flow rate.
• For example, if carbon dioxide
• (CO : 44 ) flows through a pipeline at a rate of
100 kg/h, the molar flow rate of the
31

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www.covenantuniversity.edu.

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Course Lecturer: Engr. Mrs. O.G Abatan and

• In all equations each variable must have the

• Water is mostly used as reference material for liuid

• volumetric flow rate of the fluid at the given

• Convert 34kg of NH3 to kmol and lb-mole

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