AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR

URBAN POOR

K CHANDRU
AC15UAR014
INTRODUCTION

• This world is urbanizing at a rapid scale.Urbanization plays a crucial role in the economic development of any
nation. Urbanization characterized by modernization, industrialization and sociological development.
Presently, urban India is home to 377 million people. Urban India is expected to house 600 million people by
2031, an increase of 59% from 2011. India’s urban housing shortage is around 19 million as per C&W
Research's estimates 4. India ranks 134th among 137 countries; has the world’s most unclean air . In India,
slum population in 2011 was 66 million; projected to be 105 million by 2017. Indian cities are deficient in
basic amenities such clean drinking water, sanitation and lighting facilities. Public transport accounts for 27%
of urban transport in India. Indian roads are already choked. Journey speeds in India is set to reduce by more
than 50% by 2040. Thus the migration of people from rural to urban areas resulted in improper settlement in
the urban areas with no proper amenities.
• CHALLENGES IN URBANIZATION.
• -India fails to meet basic standards of living like water supply, public transportation
• -Rapid urbanization has caused wide spread environmental degradation in the country
• India has failed to provide urban dwellers basic needs such as housing. In 2012, the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) stated that there is an under-supply of 18.78 million housing units in
urban India, of which, nearly 95% affects the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group
(LIG) of the urban population.
PROVIDING AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR URBAN POOR
• AFFORDABLE HOUSING
• Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that section of
society whose income is below the median household income.In other words we
can also say, Affordable housing is housing demand affordable to those with a
median household income as rated by a country, state, region or municipality by a
recognized housing affordability index.
• More than price and availability, income is the primary factor in affordable hosing.
Understanding affordable housing challenges requires understanding trends and
disparities in income and wealth. Housing is often the single biggest expenditure of
low and middle-income families. For low and middle income families, there house is
also the greatest source of wealth.

• The most common approach to measure the affordability of housing has been to
consider the percentage of income that a household spends on housing
expenditures.

• Thus affordability is a relative term linked to one’s income, expenditure, savings,

liabilities and commitments and primarily disposable income.
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING
• Housing affordability is more than just a personal troubled experience by individual households
who cannot easily find a place to live. Lack of affordable housing is considered by many to have
negative effects on a community’s overall health.Lack of affordable housing is making low- cost
labour scarcer and is leading to increase in demands on transportation systems since workers
travel longer distances between their jobs and residence.

• In large metropolitan areas where housing prices are high, lack of affordable housing places local
firms at a competitive disadvantage. Workers have to face fewer housing choices if prices rise to
non-affordable levels. Variations in affordability of housing between areas create labour market
impediments.
• Almost all the houses in slums in large cities are in bad and poor conditions. These houses are
inadequately ventilated. The designs are such to afford bare shelter, leading to acute congestion.
Private toilets do not exist in the majority of these slums and even common toilets are available
only in few numbers. People defecating in the open is, besides being an environment nuisance,
creates great discomfort for the women of the locality. These houses do not have individual water
supply
REASON FOR THE CURRENT HOUSING CRISIS

• -There are certain factors behind the poor housing scenario in the
metropolitan regions of the country. Some major factors that led to
the present housing scenario are as under:
• -Wrong implementation of policies framed by the government
• -Lack of political and legislative will to reform the housing sector
• -Building bye-laws have too many loop holes and are too easy to
manipulate
• -Inadequate land use planning leading to disproportionate
settlements in metropolitan cities. This is the most important factor
that has lead to the current infrastructural crisis in the metropolitan
in the country.
DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF LOW-COST HOUSING
TECHNOLOGIES:

• For ensuring speed and economy in construction, one of the practical solution to
the problem of meeting housing requirements of masses in the present context will be to
go in for adoption of appropriate low-cost construction techniques involving adoption of
partial prefabrication employing the use of pre-fabricated building components of such
size and weight which could be fabricated at the construction site or in industrial
production units,economic walling systems etc.

• There is a vast scope of reducing the housing cost by the use of various materials and
new techniques. But it is a very vast subject in itself altogether. In this dissertation, we
will bediscussing only the conventional materials used in the industry nowadays, along
with the techniques applied on them to reduce the overall cost.
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY

• PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS

• MONOLITHIC CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USING PLASTIC
ALUMINIUM FORM WORK
• GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED GYPSUM (GFRG) PANEL BUILDING SYSTEM
• FACTORY MADE FAST TRACK MODULAR BUILDING SYSTEM
• SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
• CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
STUDY ON AFFORDABLE HOUSING THROUGH CASESTUDIES
• BELAPUR INCREMENTAL HOUSING, NAVI-MUMBAI,
MAHARASHTRA
• Designed by: Charles Correa and associates.
• Situated in Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Designed for economically weaker sections.
• Use of shared spaces.

• Even though this project was designed exclusively for EWS,

the incredible use of shared spaces in this project to cater
to the high densities of the region may provide planning
solution to clustered housing that is applicable for any
income level, including the Lower Income Group (LIG).
CIDCO LOW-COST HOUSING, NAVI MUMBAI- RAJ REWAL:

• Designed for City And Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) by architect Raj Rewal
• Construction completed in 1998
• This building project by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) by
Maharashtra state represents a complex, specifically Indian problem: creating
accommodation for people on subsistence incomes. Raj Rewal's practice was commissioned
to plan 1000 accommodation units for residents on the edge of a large planning area in
New Mumbai, a new area that was being developed at the time east of Mumbai old town.
• Despite a very low budget it was important not just to provide the bare essentials in terms
of space, but above all to develop a home environment that was simple but of high quality.
The difficult balancing act between finance and ambience could succeed only if inexpensive
but lastingly effective building materials were used, and if the planning process was not too
costly and led a simple implementation procedure. The Rewal practice designed the project
as a high density structure. On the one hand it was because the area available was strictly
limited, but also in order to achieve quality for the outdoor space that was effective in
urban terms, yet reminiscent of a naturally developed village. These accommodations cells,
or "molecules" (Rewal), now consist of one to three room units 18, 25, 40 and 70 m2 large.
They have essential sanitary facilities and water tanks on the roof for a constant water
supply, which is still by no means to be taken for granted.
ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING - B.V. DOSHI

• Traditionally, architects have contributed

little to housing for the Third World urban
poor. Those who opt to work for the poor
need to rethink their roles; the numbers are
overwhelming, the issues complex and the
resources are very limited. One solution is to
use land as a resource to produce housing
for the urban poor, by allowing them access
to it to build their homes. A study was
conducted of such initiatives in a case-study
in India: The Aranya Housing Project,
completed in 1988 and considered a model
project.
CONCLUSION

• Adoption of any alternative technology on large scale needs a

guaranteed market to function and this cannot be established
unless the product is effective and economical. Partial
prefabrication is an approach for construction under controlled
conditions. The essence lies in the systematic approach in
building methodology and not necessarily particular
construction type or design. The methodology for affordable
housing has to be of intermediate type - less sophisticated
involving less capital investment.