Non-Newtonian

Fluids
Non-Newtonian Flow
Goals
 Describe key differences between a Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluid
 Identify examples of Bingham plastics (BP) and
power law (PL) fluids
 Write basic equations describing shear stress and
velocities of non-Newtonian fluids
 Calculate frictional losses in a non-Newtonian flow
system
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluid
du z
 rz   
dr
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du z
 rz  
dr
η is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for
non-Newtonian fluids.
η - Apparent Viscosity
The shear rate dependence of η categorizes
non-Newtonian fluids into several types.
Power Law Fluids:
 Pseudoplastic – η (viscosity) decreases as shear rate
increases (shear rate thinning)
 Dilatant – η (viscosity) increases as shear rate increases
(shear rate thickening)

Bingham Plastics:
 η depends on a critical shear stress (0) and then
becomes constant
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Bingham Plastic: sludge, paint, blood, ketchup

Pseudoplastic: latex, paper pulp, clay solns.

Newtonian

Dilatant: quicksand
Modeling Power Law
Fluids Oswald - de Waele
n
 du z    du z    du z 
n 1

 rz  K     K     
 dr    dr    dr 

where:
K = flow consistency index
n = flow behavior index  eff

Note: Most non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic n<1.

Modeling Bingham Plastics

 rz   0 du z
0 Rigid
dr

du z
 rz   0  rz      0
dr
Frictional Losses
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Recall:

2
LV
hf  4 f
D 2

Applies to any type of fluid under any flow conditions

Laminar Flow

Mechanical Energy Balance

p V 2
  g  z  h f  Wˆ
 2
0 0 0
MEB (contd)

Combining:

1  D  2  p 
f    2   
4  L V   
Momentum Balance
  2V2  1V1   p1S1  p2 S2  Fw  Fg
m
0
0

2 rL rz   r  p 
2

L
 p  2  rz
r
Power Law Fluid
n
 du z 
 rz  K   
 dr 

 1 p  1 n
1n
du z
    r
dr  2 KL 
Boundary Condition
rR uz  0
Velocity Profile of Power Law
Fluid
Circular Conduit
Upon Integration and Applying BC

 1 p   n   
1n n 1 n 1
uz       R n
r n

 2 KL   n  1   
Power Law (contd)
Need bulk average velocity

1
V   u dS 
1
 2 ru  dr
R 2 z
S S

n 1
 1 p   n 
1n

V      R n

 2 K L   3n  1 
Power Law Results (Laminar Flow)

 3n  1 
n
n2
  LK V
n
2
p    n 
n 1
D
↑ Hagen-Poiseuille (laminar Flow) for Power Law Fluid ↑
Recall

1  D  2  p
f     2 
4  L  V  
 Power Law Fluid Behavior
Power Law Reynolds Number and Kinetic Energy Correction

2 n

n
 
n
3 n n V D
Re PL 2  
 3n  1  K

Re PL,critical  2100
4n  25n  3
33n  1
2

3(3n  1) 2

(2n  1)(5n  3)
Laminar Flow Friction Factor
Power Law Fluid
 3n  1 
n
n 1
2   K
f   n 
V 2n D n 

16
f 
Re PL
Turbulent Flow Friction Factor
Power Law Fluid (Smooth Pipe)
Power Law Fluid Example

A coal slurry is to be transported by horizontal

pipeline. It has been determined that the slurry may
be described by the power law model with a flow
index of 0.4, an apparent viscosity of 50 cP at a
shear rate of 100 /s, and a density of 90 lb/ft3. What
horsepower would be required to pump the slurry at
a rate
P =of 900 GPM through an 8 in. Schedule 40 pipe
1atm P = 1atm
that is 50 miles long ?

L = 50 miles
  V   V 
n

 rz  K     eff  
 r   r 

1 0.4
 100  kg
K  50cP   0.792
 s  m s1.6

 900 gal   1 ft   1 min     m 

3
~ 1 m
V            
2  
 
  1 .759
 min   7.48 gal   60 s   0.3474 ft   3.281 ft  s

 0.4  kg  m 
1.6

0.4  0.202 m  1442

3 
1.759  
 0 . 4   m  s 
RE N  230.4      7273
 3  ( 0 .4 )  1   kg 
 0.792 1.6 
 m s 
Friction Factor (Power Law
Fluid)
 P V 2 gZ
Wp     hf
 2 gc gc

 L V
2
Wp  h f  4 f  
 D 2

f  0.0048 Fig 5.11

2
 m
1.760 
 80460m   s m2
W p  h f  40.0048   11,845 2
 0.202m  2 s

   kg 
 m kg
m  1.759  0.0323 m 2  1442 3   81.9
s  m  s

kg  m2 
81.9 11,845 2 
s  s 
Power   970.1 kW  1300 Hp
1000
Bingham Plastics

Bingham plastics exhibit

Newtonian behavior after
the shear stress exceeds
o. For flow in circular
conduits Bingham
plastics behave in an
interesting fashion.
Bingham Plastics
Unsheared Core
0
r  rc u z  uc  R  rc 2

2  rc
Sheared Annular Region

r  rc 
 R  r   rz  r 
1 

uz
 2   0
  R 
Laminar Bingham Plastic Flow
16  He He 4 
f  1   3 7
(Non-linear)
Re BP  6 Re BP 3 f Re BP  

D  0
2
He  Hedstrom Number
 2


DV
Re BP 

Turbulent Bingham Plastic Flow
0.193
f  10 Re
a
BP


a  1.378 1  0.146e  2.9 x105 He

Drilling Rig Fundamentals
Bingham Plastic Example
Drilling mud has to be pumped down into an oil well that is 8000
ft deep. The mud is to be pumped at a rate of 50 GPM to the
bottom of the well and back to the surface through a pipe
having an effective diameter of 4 in. The pressure at the bottom
of the well is 4500 psi. What pump head is required to pump the
mud to the bottom of the drill string ? The drilling mud has the
properties of a Bingham plastic with a yield stress of 100 dyn/cm2,
a limiting (plastic) viscosity of 35 cP, and a density of 1.2 g/cm3.
P = 14.7 psi

L = 8000 ft

P = 4500 psi
 4
D ft  0.3333 ft Area  0.0873 ft 2
12

gal  min   ft 3   1  ft
V  50          1.276
2 
min  60 s   7.48 gal   0.0873 ft  s

lbm lb
  1.2  62.4 3
 74.88 m3
ft ft

 lb 
 6.7197  10  4 m 
  35 cP  
ft s  lb
 0.0235 m
 cP  ft s
 
 

 ft   lb 
0.3333 ft  1.276    74.88 m 
 s  ft3 
N RE   1355
lbm
0.0235
ft s

dyn g
 o  100 2
 100 2
cm s cm
 2
  2.54 cm    g   100 g 
 4in     1.2 3    2 
 in    cm   s cm 
N HE  2
 1.01105
 g 
 0.35 
 cms 

f  0.14

P V 2 gZ
Wp     hf
 2gc gc

lb f  144 in 2   2 
4500  14.7  2  2    ft  
 1.276 
in  ft  ft lb 4  0.14  8000 ft    s 
Wp   8000   
f
lbm   

lb 0 . 3333 ft 32.2 ft lbm
74.88 3 m
2  
ft   lb s 2 
  f 

ft lb f
Wp  8626  8000  339   965
lbm
 16  He He 4 
f  1   3 7
 0.14
Re BP  6 Re BP 3 f Re BP  