Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

South La Union, Campus

College of Community Health and Allied Medical Sciences
Agoo, La Union

REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH

SALVADOR P. LLAVORE, RM, RN,

LPT, MANc
 Definition of Reproductive Health
Within the framework of WHO's definition of
HEALTH:
“as a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity,

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH addresses the

reproductive processes, functions and system
at all stages of life.” or in all matters relating
to the reproductive system.
 Definition of Reproductive Health

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, therefore, implies

that people are able to have a responsible,
satisfying and safe sex life and that they have
the capability to reproduce and the freedom
to decide if, when and how often to do so.
 ELEMENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. Family Planning
2. Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition
3. Prevention and Management of Reproductive Tract
Infections (Plus STD’s)
4. Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH)
5. Prevention and Management of Abortion and its
complications (PMAC)
6. Prevention of Reproductive Cancers
7. Education and Counseling on Sexuality and Sexual Health
8. Men’s reproductive health (MRH) and involvement
9. Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC)
10. Prevention and management of infertility and sexual
dysfunction
 Definition of Terms

• Sex - refers to the biological attributes, it also

refers to physical characteristics, constant across
time, constant across different societies and
cultures.
• Gender – refers to traits, characteristics, and roles
differences between male and female, it is also
determine by culture and community.
 Definition of Terms

• Gender orientation generally refers to a person

who identifies as heterosexual, homosexual,
bisexual, transgender/transsexual.
– Heterosexual – a person attracted to the opposite sex
– Homosexual – a person attracted to same sex
– Bisexual – a person attracted to both side
 Definition of Terms

Adolescence- The period of physical and

psychological development from the onset of
puberty to maturity.

Who is Adolescent? (According to WHO)

10-19 years of age- ADOLESCENT
15-24 years of age-YOUTH
10-24 years of age- YOUNG PEOPLE
 ACTIVITY 1: Body Parts
Materials: Time Alloted:
Pentel pens 15 minutes
Manila papers

Instructions:
Draw the parts of the Reproductive System
as detailed as the participants can. After
which, they will explain the function of
each part.
 The Body

QUEZON CITY CHAPTER

The Male Reproductive System
 The Male Reproductive System

• Testes
– Have a dual function;
• Production of sperm
• Secretion of male sex hormone (testosterone), which induces
and preserves male sex characteristics
– Enclosed in scrotum, which keep them in slightly lower
temperature than the rest of the body to facilitate the
production of sperm
• Penis
– Dual function; organ for copulation and for urination
 The Male Reproductive System
• Glans Penis
– The soft rounded portion of the distal end of the penis. It
is naturally covered or protected by elongated penile skin
– the foreskin – which may be retracted to expose the
glans
• The Body
– Composed of erectile tissue containing numerous blood
vessels that become distended, leading to an erection
• The Urethra
– The tube that carries urine out of the penis. It passes
through the penis extends from the bladder through the
prostate to the distal end of the penis.
 The Male Reproductive System

• Vas deferens
– Also called the ductus deferens, this thin
muscular tube transports sperm from the
epididymis to the urethra
• Epididymis
– Next to each testicle, the two seminal vesicles
secrete a thick fluid that nourishes the sperm
 The Male Reproductive System

• Urinary Bladder
– It is a muscular sac that stores the urine until it is
released through the urethra
• Prostate Gland
– It lies below the neck of the bladder. The secretion of
the prostate is a milky fluid that is discharged into the
urethra at the time of the ejaculation of semen.
The Female Reproductive System
 The Female Reproductive System

• External Genitalia
– The VULVA, include two thick folds of tissue called
the labia majora and two smaller lips of delicate
tissue called labia minor, which lie within the labia
majora
– The upper portions of the labia minora unite,
forming a partial covering for the “clitoris”, a highly
sensitive organ composed of erectile tissue.
 The Female Reproductive System

• Internal Reproductive Structures

– Vagina - a canal lined with mucous membrane
– Uterus - a pear-shaped muscular organ
– Ovaries – contain thousands of tiny egg cells, or
ova
 SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS

SALVADOR P. LLAVORE, RM,RN, LPT

Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Also known as Sexually
Transmitted Disease (STD)
• The term STI is sometimes
preferred because there are a few
STDs, such as Chlamydia, that can
infect a person without causing
any actual disease, i.e.,
unpleasant symptoms
• Someone without symptoms may
not think of themselves as having
a disease, but they may still have
an infection that needs treating
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• These are diseases that are
mainly passed from one person
to another during sex (vaginal,
anal and oral).
• Most sexually transmitted
diseases will only affect you if
you have sexual contact with
someone who has an STD.
 • STI symptoms vary, but most
Common STI symptoms
common are:
– Soreness
– Unusual lumps or sores
– Itching
– Pain when urinating
– Unusual discharge from the genital

• List of some of the most common STIs

– Chlamydia
Common STI

– Crabs or Pubic Lice

– Genital Warts
– Gonorrhea (Clap)
– Hepatitis
– Herpes
– Syphilis
– Others
• Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Water Warts, Trush (Candidiasis),
Trich (Trichomoniasis)
 Skin
Bacterial Viral Protozoal Fungal
Parasite

Gonorrhea Genital Trichomonas Candidiasis Pubic Lice

herpes
Syphilis Scabies
Genital
Chlamydia warts *passed on
by close
Chancroid Genital body
Molluscum contact &
dont
HIV require
actual
Hepatitis B penetrative
 Chlamydia
–one of the most commonly
reported bacterial sexually
transmitted diseases.
–caused by the Chlamydia
trachomatis bacterium.
–infects the urethra, rectum
and eyes in both sexes, and
the cervix in women.
 Chlamydia
–lead to fertility problems in
women.
–transmitted through
genital contact and sexual
intercourse with someone
already infected.
–Symptoms usually show
between 1 and 3 weeks
after exposure
 Crab or Pubic Lice
– are small crab-shaped parasites that
burrow into the skin to feed on blood.
– live on coarse body hair, pubic hair, but
can also be found in armpit hair, facial
hair and even on eyelashes.
– The lice are yellow-grey in color and
use their crab-like claws to grip hair
strands.
– Crabs are easily passed on during sex,
but can also be passed on through
sharing clothes, towels or bedding with
someone who has them.
Crab or Pubic Lice
– Symptoms
• itchy skin
• inflammation of the
affected area
• sometimes visible lice
and eggs
• spots of blood as lice
feed from blood
vessels in the skin.
 Crab or Pubic Lice
–Prevention & Treatment
• can reduce the risk to others by washing
beddings, towels and clothes on a hot wash to
kill off the parasites.
• treatment consists of special shampoos,
lotions and creams that kill of the lice and
their eggs.
 Genital Warts
– caused by some sub-types of
Human Papilloma virus (HPV).
– They can appear on the skin
anywhere in the genital area as
small whitish or flesh-coloured
bumps, or larger, fleshy,
cauliflower-like lumps. They
are unlikely to cause pain but
may itch and can be difficult to
spot.
Genital Warts
• Symptoms
If a woman has a wart on
her cervix she may
experience slight
bleeding or unusual
coloured vaginal
discharge.
Gonnorhea
• is a sexually transmitted
infection caused by Neisseria
gonorrheae that can infect
the urethra, cervix, rectum,
anus and throat.
• Symptoms usually appear
between 1 and 14 days after
exposure, but it is possible
to have no symptoms.
 Gonnorhea
• Symptoms
– a burning sensation
when urinating.
– a white/yellow discharge
from the penis.
– a change in vaginal
discharge.
– irritation or discharge
from the anus (if the
rectum is infected).
 Hepatitis
– “liver inflammation’
– can occur following excessive
and prolonged consumption of
alcohol or the use of certain
medicines and drugs.
– most commonly caused by a
virus.
– There several different types
of hepatitis.
 Herpes
– is caused by two strains of the Herpes
simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and
type 2 (HSV-2).
– HSV-2 is more common and usually
manifests itself in the genital and
anal area, whereas HSV-1 is more
likely to affect the mouth and lips in
the form of cold sores.
– HSV-2 is a very common STD
 Herpes
• Symptoms
– itching or tingling sensations in
the genital or anal area
– small fluid-filled blisters that burst
leaving small painful sores
– pain when passing urine over the
open sores (especially in women)
– Headaches
– backache
– flu-like symptoms, including
swollen glands or fever.
Syphilis
– is a bacterial infection caused
by Treponema pallidium,
which used to be known as
the pox.
– usually sexually transmitted,
but can also be passed from
an infected woman to her
unborn child.
 Syphilis
• Symptoms
– one or more painless ulcers on
the
– penis, vagina, vulva, cervix, anus
or mouth
– small lumps in the groin due to
– swollen glands
– a non-itchy rash
– fever or flu-like symptoms
 Relationship of STI to HIV
• The presence of another STI can facilitate the transmission of HIV.
• Many STIs cause sores, which are opening to skin in and around the
genitals.
• These STIs make it easy for HIV to get into the body.
• The predominant mode of transmission of HIV and other STI is sexual.
• Risky behaviors of STIs related to HIV are:

 Personal sexual behaviors such as;

 Having multiple sexual partners
 Unprotected penetrative sex
 Sex for trade
 WORLD
SITUATION ON
HIV / AIDS
Global Summary of AIDS Epidemic 2015

No. of people living with HIV

Total: 45.3 million (32.2 M – 50.6 M)

Adults: 38.1 million (29.1 M – 41.3 M)
Women: 20.7 million (16.4 M – 22.3 M)
Children (<15 years): 5.3 million (3.0 M – 8.7 M)
Global Summary of AIDS Epidemic 2017

People newly infected with HIV in 2017

Total: 2.3 million (1.9 M – 2.7 M)

Adults: 2.0 million (1.7 M – 2.4 M)
Children (<15 years): 260,000 (230,000 – 320,000)
Global Summary of AIDS Epidemic 2016

AIDS deaths in 2016

Total: 1.6 million (1.4 M – 1.9 M)

Adults: 1.4 million (1.2 M – 1.7 M)
Children (<15 years): 210,000 (190,000 – 250,000)
 Adolescents, young people & HIV
• About 6,300 new HIV infections a day in
2012.
• About 95% are in low & middle income
countries.
• About 700 are in children under 15 years of
age.
• about 5,500 are in adults aged 15 years and
older, of whom:
- almost 47% are women
- about 39% are among young people (15 – 24)
2012 global HIV and AIDS estimates
(<15 years)

• Children living with HIV

3.3 million (3.0 million – 3.7
million)
• New HIV infections in 2012
260,000 (230,000 – 320,000)
• Deaths due to AIDS in 2012
210,000 (190,000 – 250,000)
 HIV / AIDS Philippine Registry

• In February 2014, there were 486 new positive

individuals. This was a 43% increase compared to the
same period last year ( n=339 in 2013).
• 42% of the reported cases were from NCR.
• 934 new cases for 2014 (January to February).
• 17,450 total cases reported since January 1984 to
February 2014.
 HIV / AIDS Philippine Registry

• Most of the cases (96%) were

males.
• The median age was 27 years
(age range: 18-58 years).
• The 20-29 year (62%) and age-
group had the most cases.
• Mode of Transmission:
• Sexual contact (97% = 902)
• IDUs (3% = 32)
As of February 2014
WHAT IS
HIV?
 HIV Definition

H – Human
I – Immunodeficiency
V – Virus
 HIV Definition
• it infects and affects only
HUMAN BEINGS.
• It destroys the body’s ability
to fight off diseases.
• This renders the immune
system defenseless and
vulnerable to all forms of
infections.
HIV Definition

• HIV Infection
– Successful entry of HIV
– Nobody is immune
– Usually asymptomatic
for 5 to 10 years
– Lifelong infection
– Pregnancy
WHAT IS
AIDS?
 AIDS Definition
A-I-D-S stands for:
Acquired ….. Something you
get rather than you are born
with
Immune …… resistance or
protection from disease
Deficiency …. absence of
protective power
Syndrome …..a variety of
symptoms rather than one
single disease
AIDS Definition
• AIDS is the name of a
disease
• caused by a virus that
breaks down the body’s
immune system and
leads to fatal infection
and later causes death to
people.
• HIV is the virus that
causes AIDS.
HOW DOES
A PERSON
INFECTED
WITH HIV?
 Mode of Transmission

Unprotected sexual intercourse

Mode of Transmission

Contact with Infected Blood

Mode of Transmission

Mother to Child Transmission

 BODY
FLUIDS
KNOWN TO
TRANSMIT
HIV
 High Risk Fluids

Blood & Blood Products

 High Risk Fluids

Seminal / Vaginal & Cervical Fluids

High Risk Fluids

Breastmilk
PLHIV
LOOKS
LIKE?
 PLHIV looks like?

• In the early stages, immune deficiency may not

cause any symptoms (known as the
asymptomatic stage).
• Symptoms eventually develop are related to the
disease or infection that attacks the body
because of the failure of the immune system to
protect the body
 PLHIV looks like?
Symptoms
• Extreme tiredness • Unexplained or unusual diarrhea
• Unexplained and continued fever that lasting for weeks or month
and night sweats • Unusual skin problem or diseases
• Loss of appetite • Progressive shortness of breath
• Unexplained difficulty of sleeping • Development of Kaposis
• Unexplained weight loss which is Sarcoma, Pneumocystis Carinii
not due to any voluntary actions Pneumonia (PCP), severe
(e.g dieting, physical activities) infections with yeast,
• Swollen glands around the neck, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus
armpits or groins ( known as the and parasites are expected in the
swollen lymphnodes) later stage of AIDS.
 Progression of HIV

Beginning: After few years, After several After 10 years:

No symptoms, mild weight loss, years Wasting syndrome,
no weight loss mouth ulcers, Important weight chronic herpes
itching, skin Loss, simplex
disease thrush, TB, fever ulcerations,
extrapulmonary TB
TREATMENT
RELATED
TO
HIV/AIDS
Treatment related to HIV & AIDS
• NO CURE has yet
been found for
AIDS
• However, primary
therapy for HIV
infection includes
three different
types of
antiretroviral
agents.
 Treatment related to HIV & AIDS

TAKE NOTE that the use of

these treatments is not to
cure the HIV/ AIDS rather to
slow down the progression
of the virus.
PREVENTION
OF HIV / AIDS
 HIV & AIDS Prevention

A - Abstinence
 HIV & AIDS Prevention

B – Be Faithful
 HIV & AIDS Prevention

C–
Correct use of
Condom
 HIV & AIDS Prevention

D – Do not use Drugs

 HIV & AIDS Prevention

E – Education
 HIV & AIDS Prevention

F – Frequent Voluntary Testing

 HIV & AIDS Prevention

G – Guidance and Counseling

 HIV & AIDS Prevention

H – Healthy Lifestyle
RELATIONSHIP
OF
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE TO
HIV / AIDS
Relationship of Substance Abuse to
HIV / AIDS
• Sharing syringes and
AS
SELLERS needles when injecting
drugs is the easiest way of
getting HIV.
HIV/ AIDS
in Sex • Infected drug injectors can
Trade
introduce the virus into
the sex trade into ways: as
AS BUYERS & SELLERS.
BUYERS
Activity 1: Jenny
& the Bus Driver
 Jenny & the Bus Driver
Jenny has AIDS. She has Kaposi’s sarcoma, and some of
the purplish blotches or lesions from the disease show
on her face. She has just boarded a bus and paid her
fare. The bus driver, recognizing the lesions as a sign of
AIDS, says, “I’m not going to let you on this bus because
you have AIDS. I have other passengers to protect. You
will have to get off the bus.” The other passengers get
angry because they are trying to get somewhere, and
the bus is just sitting there. Some of them yell at the bus
driver, and some yell at Jenny.
 Jenny & the Bus Driver
• If you were one of the passengers on the bus, what
would you do?
• What would have been the best thing for Jenny to do
in this situation?
• What should the bus driver have done in this
situation?
• Should people with HIV/AIDS be allowed to ride
public buses? Why or why not?
 Jenny & the Bus Driver
• If you were the director of transportation, what kind
of policy do you think you might set for situations like
this one?
• What if Jenny were Justin (a man)? How would this
situation be different? What assumptions would
people make?
 STIGMA &
DISCRIMINATION
STIGMA
• This refers to the way
individual or groups feel
when they experience
judgments, ridicule, isolation
and blame among others on
the basis of their HIV status.
• It is a result of discrediting
individuals in the eye of
others.
 STIGMA
• Stigma can lead to depression,
withdrawal and feeling of
worthless.
– Naming names or calling them
names
– Denying them of their
opportunities and rights
– Not giving them care and
support
– Harassing
DISCRIMINATION
This is when individuals or
groups are being treated
unfairly. It occurs when a
distinction is made against a
person that’s results in his or
her being treated unfairly and
unjustly on the basis of their
belonging, or perceived to
belong to a particular group.
 DISCRIMINATION
• People with (or believe to have)
HIV/AIDS have been:
– Segregate in schools and hospitals
– Refused employment
– Denied to right to marry
– Denied for VISAS or entry
permission
– Rejected by their communities
– KILLED
 WHAT
YOUTH CAN
DO?
 Take the lead! Spread the message,
NOT the virus...

A – Always disseminate the right information.

B – Be an agent of positive living &
behavioral change.
C – Create an enabling environment.
 Take the lead! Spread the message,
NOT the virus...

D – Dare to create a
bigger impact on your
peers.

E – Educate the
youth according their
needs.
Take the lead! Spread the message,
NOT the virus...

F-
Fight Stigma &
Discrimination
 Take the lead! Spread the message,
NOT the virus...

G-
Go and be a health Educator
 HIV / AIDS
CHALLENGE QUIZ
Ang HIV ay isang sakit
na maaaring makuha
sa pakikipag-SEX.
Wala pang bakuna
laban sa HIV/AIDS.
Walang taong namatay
na ang tanging sanhi ay
AIDS.
Ang ibig sabihin ng
AIDS ay Acquired
Immune Deficiency
Symptom.
Ang HIV ay dulot ng
AIDS.
Ang HIV ay isang mikrobyo
o “virus” na inaatake ang
“immune system “ o
depensa ng ating katawan
laban sa impeksiyon.
Tulad ng Dengue Virus,
ang HIV ay naisasalin
din sa pamamagitan ng
kagat ng lamok.
Ang babae ay maaaring
mahawaan ng HIV/AIDS
mula sa kapwa babae.
Maaari ring may HIV na
ang isang tao pero wala
pa siya sa kundisyong
tinatawag na AIDS.
Ang lalake ay maaaring
mahawaan ng HIV/AIDS
mula sa kapwa lalake.
 Ang bata sa
sinapupunan ay maaari
ring mahawaan ng HIV
mula sa nanay.
 Ang natatanging
epektibong panlaban
ng tao ngayon sa
HIV/AIDS ay anti-retro
viral drugs.
Ang lalake ay maaaring
mahawaan ng HIV/AIDS
mula sa katalik na
babae.
Ang HIV/AIDS ay
namamana.
Ang ibig sabihin ng HIV
ay Human Immune
Dependency Virus.
THANK YOU!!!!