Water Requirements of Crop
Water Requirements of Crop
Water Requirements of Crop
Chapter-1 2
Preparation of Land for Irrigation
The uncultivated land should be properly prepared, as following, before irrigation
water is applied upon it.
(i)Removal of thick jungle, bushes etc., from the raw land. The roots of the trees
should be extracted and burnt. The land should thereafter be properly cleaned.
(ii)The land should be made level. High patches should be scraped and depression
filled. Unless this is done, water will fill the depression and duty may be too high.
(iii)The land should be provided with regular slope in the direction of falling
gradient.
(iv)The land should be divided into suitable plots by small levees according to the
method of irrigation to be practiced.
(v)Permanent supply ditches and water courses should be excavated at regular
spacing which facilitate proper distribution of the water to the entire field.
(vi) A drain ditch which carries the waste water should also be excavated. .
(vii)Proper drainage measures should be adopted where the danger of water logging
may become eminent after the introduction of canal irrigation
Water Requirement of Crops 3
Crop Period or Base Period
The time period that elapses from the instant of its sowing to the instant of its
harvesting is called the crop-period.
The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its sowing to its
last watering before harvesting is called the Base period.
Crop period is slightly more than the base period, but for all practical
purposes, they are taken as one and the same thing, and generally expressed in
B days.
Time factor
The time factor of a canal is the ratio of the number of days the canal has actually run
to the number of days of irrigation period.
For example, if the number of days of irrigation period = 12, and the canal has actually
run for 5 days, the time factor will be 5/12.
(Note: A day has a period of 24 hours (i.e. it includes the night also).
Capacity factor
This is the ratio of the mean supply discharge to the full supply discharge of a canal.
Example 2
If wheat requires about 7.5 cm of water after every 28 days, and the base period for
wheat is 140 days, find out the value of delta for wheat.
Solution.
No. of required waterings = 140/28 = 5
The depth of water required each time = 7.5 cm.
:. Total depth of wWaatet errRreequqirdem.einnto1f4C0ropdsays= 5 x 7.5 cm = 37.5 cm 9
Average Approximate Values of ∆ for Certain Important Crops in Pakistan
Sown in July as
Juar (Great millets),
(iii) fodder and cut green 30 Same as above 12.5 3,000
high yielding
more than once.
(vi) Pulses like Arhar, etc. July-Aug to Nov-Dec 30 Irrigated when leaves get dries. 12.5 700
30 to 35 kg of seed is
Transplanted Rice Standing water of 5 to 8 cm gives best sufficient to raise
(vii) July to Nov 125-150 4500
(Paddy), high yielding results. nursery to transplant one
hectare.
Rabi Crops
(i) Oct to March-April 37.5 Three-four watering of 7-10 cm depth. 80-100 1500
Wheat (ordinary)
(ii) Wheat (high yielding) Oct to March-April 45 Five-six watering of 7-10 cm depth. 100-125 4000
(iii) Gram (high yielding) Sept-Oct to March 30 Irrigated when leaves get dry. 12.5 3500
(viii) Mustard Oct to Feb-Mar 45 Watered at intervals of 7-10 days 33 1000 to 1600
Since the losses in the canal are 20%, 1 cumec of water discharge at the head
of watercourse will become 0.8 cumecs at the head of field and hence will
irrigate 259.5 x 0.8 = 207.6 hectares only.
Hence the duty of water at the head of watercourse will be 207.6 ha/cumec.
Now total area under rice plantation = 600 x 0.6 = 360 hectares
Note: Alternatively this problem can also be solved in a tabular form. (Next
slide)
Duty at the Volume
Base period field D Delta Δ = Area = (Δ x A)
Crop
B (days) (ha/cumec) (8.64 B)/D (ha)
(ha-m)
Total 33290
3. Methods of cultivation;
8. Quality of water;
9. Method of assessment;
FactorsAffecting Evapotranspiration
•Weather
•Crop characteristics
•Management
•Environmental conditions
– Solar radiation
– Air temperature
– Relative humidity
– Wind speed
• Stage of development
• Irrigation method
• Irrigation management
• Cultivation practices
• Fertility management
• Disease and pest control
4. Irrigation methods:
area based determination of Cu
area under irrigated crops
Natural vegetation
water surface
bare land is calculated first
Cu is the integration of unit use of water multiplied with that
area, expressed in cu. m.
5. Inflow and outflow studies:
for annual Cu of large areas
U = (I+P) + (Gs-Ge) – R
where
U = valley consumptive use
I = total inflow during the year
P = yearly precipitation on valley floor
Gs = ground storage at the beginning of the year
Ge = ground storage at the end of the year
R = yearly runoff
(B) Using Equations
• wide variety of empirical, semi-empirical, and
physically-based equations/models
• generally categorized as:
–temperature methods
–radiation methods
–combination methods
–pan evaporation methods
* The lower values are for more humid areas and the higher values are
for more arid climates.
** Dependent upon mean monthly temperature and stage of growth of
crop.
Values of monthly consumptive use calculated from the above formula
have been tabulated in the last column ofTable.
Thus, Yearly Consumptive use = ∑Cu= 1750 mm = 1.75 m.
(2) Hargreaves ClassAPan EvaporationMethod
Cu= K.Ep
Where
Ep= Pan evaporation (data obtained from Meteorological dept.);and
K = Crop factor for that period(Crop coefficient)
y ;
d 1001
d
where
d average depth of water stored during irrigation;
.
y average numerical deviation in depth of water stored from
average depth stored during irrigation
Irrigation Efficiencies 54
The water distribution efficiency represents the extent to which the
water has penetrated to a uniform depth, throughout the field.
When the water has penetrated uniformly throughout the field, the
deviation from the mean depth is zero and water distribution
efficiency is 1.0
Consumptive use Efficiency,cu
Normal consumptive use of water
Net amount of water depleted from root zone soil water
.
Wcu
Wd
Irrigation Efficiencies 55
Penetration Depths 2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5
Abs. Value of Dev. from Mean 0.24 0.14 0.04 0.16 0.26
Example 10.17
A stream of 135 litres per second was diverted from a canal and
100 litres per second were delivered to the field. An area of 1.6
hectares was irrigated in 8 hours. The effective depth of root zone
was 1.8 m. the runoff loss in the field was 432 cu.m. The depth of
water penetration varied linearly from 1.8 m at the head end of
the field to 1.2 m at the tail end. Available moisture holding
capacity of the soil is 20 cm per meter depth of soil. Determine
the water conveyance efficiency, water application efficiency,
water storage efficiency and water distribution efficiency.
Irrigation was started at a moisture extraction level of 50 percent
of the available moisture.
Irrigation Efficiencies 57
Solution:
(i) Water conveyance efficiency,
W
c f 100100100 74%
Wd 135
a Ws 100
Wf
2448100 85%
2880
(iii) Water storage efficiency,
s W s 100
Wn
0.3 0.3
Average numerical deviation, y 0.3 m
2
0.3 .100
d 1
1.5
80%
DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF
CROP
In order to determine the irrigation requirements of a certain crop, during
its base period, one should be acquainted with the following terms.
1.Effective Rainfall (Re): is part of the precipitation falling during the
precipitation period of the crop, that is available to meet the
evapotranspiration needs of the crop.
2.Consumptive Irrigation Requirements (CIR): is the amount of
irrigation water that is required to meet the evapotranspiration needs of
the crop (Cu) during its full growth. CIR
= Cu - Re
3.Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR): is the amount of irrigation water
required at the plot to meet the evapotranspiration needs of water as well
as other needs such as leaching etc. Thus
NIR = Cu –Re + water lost in deep percolation for the
purposes of leaching Water Requirement of Crops 61
4. Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR): is the amount of
irrigation water required to meet the net irrigation
requirements plus the water lost at the field (i.e in
percolation in the field water courses, field channels and
field application of water). If ηa is water application
efficiency:
FIR = NIR / ηa
Nov
3-30
15.8 0.3 -
Dec
13.1 0.77 0.8
1-31
Jan
12.8 0.90 0.6
1-31
Feb
15.0 0.76 -
1-29
March
16.2 0.58 -
1-12
Nov
14 11 15.8 0.3 4.7 - 4.7 6.9 8.6
3-30
Dec
44 33 13.1 0.77 10.1 0.8 9.3 13.7 17.1
1-31
Jan
75 57 12.8 0.90 11.5 0.6 10.9 16.0 20.0
1-31
Feb
105 80 15.0 0.76 11.4 - 11.4 16.8 21.0
1-29
March
125 95 16.2 0.58 9.4 - 9.4 13.8 17.3
1-12
∑= 47.1 45.7 67.2 84.0
Irrigation Efficiencies 64
Refer similar example in S. K. Garg Book