Introduction To UML

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Introduction to UML

What is UML?
• Unified Modeling Language
– OMG Standard, Object Management Group
– Based on work from Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson
• UML is a modeling language to express and
design documents, software
– Particularly useful for OO design
– Not a process, but some have been proposed using
UML
– Independent of implementation language
Why use UML
• Open Standard, Graphical notation for
– Specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting software
systems
• Language can be used from general initial design to very
specific detailed design across the entire software
development lifecycle
• Increase understanding/communication of product to
customers and developers
• Support for diverse application areas
• Support for UML in many software packages today (e.g.
Rational, plugins for popular IDE’s like NetBeans, Eclipse)
• Based upon experience and needs of the user community
Brief History
• Inundated with methodologies in early 90’s
– Booch, Jacobson, Yourden, Rumbaugh
• Booch, Jacobson merged methods 1994
• Rumbaugh joined 1995
• 1997 UML 1.1 from OMG includes input from
others, e.g. Yourden
• UML v2.0 current version
History of UML
Contributions to UML
Systems, Models and Views
• A model is an abstraction describing a subset of a system
• A view depicts selected aspects of a model
• A notation is a set of graphical or textual rules for
depicting views
• Views and models of a single system may overlap each
other

Examples:
• System: Aircraft
• Models: Flight simulator, scale model
• Views: All blueprints, electrical wiring, fuel system
Systems, Models and Views
Flightsimulator
Blueprints
Aircraft
Model 2
View 2
View 1
System
View 3
Model 1
Electrical
Wiring
Scale Model
UML Models, Views, Diagrams
• UML is a multi-diagrammatic language
– Each diagram is a view into a model
• Diagram presented from the aspect of a particular stakeholder
• Provides a partial representation of the system
• Is semantically consistent with other views
– Example views
Models, Views, Diagrams
How Many Views?
• Views should to fit the context
– Not all systems require all views
– Single processor: drop deployment view
– Single process: drop process view
– Very small program: drop implementation view
• A system might need additional views
– Data view, security view, …
UML: First Pass
• You can model 80% of most problems by
using about 20 % UML
• We only cover the 20% here
Basic Modeling Steps
• Use Cases
– Capture requirements
• Domain Model
– Capture process, key classes
• Design Model
– Capture details and behaviors of use cases and
domain objects
– Add classes that do the work and define the
architecture
UML Baseline
• Use Case Diagrams
• Class Diagrams
• Package Diagrams
• Interaction Diagrams
– Sequence
– Collaboration
• Activity Diagrams
• State Transition Diagrams
• Deployment Diagrams
Use Case Diagrams
• Used during requirements
elicitation to represent external
behavior

Passenger • Actors represent roles, that is, a


type of user of the system
• Use cases represent a sequence of
interaction for a type of
functionality; summary of
scenarios
PurchaseTicket• The use case model is the set of
all use cases. It is a complete
description of the functionality of
the system and its environment
Actors
• An actor models an external entity
which communicates with the system:
– User
– External system
Passenger – Physical environment
• An actor has a unique name and an
optional description.
• Examples:
– Passenger: A person in the train
– GPS satellite: Provides the system with
GPS coordinates
Use Case
A use case represents a class of
functionality provided by the
system as an event flow.

PurchaseTicket A use case consists of:


• Unique name
• Participating actors
• Entry conditions
• Flow of events
• Exit conditions
• Special requirements
Use Case Diagram: Example
Name: Purchase ticket Event flow:
1. Passenger selects the number
Participating actor: Passenger of zones to be traveled.
2. Distributor displays the amount
due.
Entry condition:
3. Passenger inserts money, of at
• Passenger standing in front of
ticket distributor. least the amount due.
• Passenger has sufficient 4. Distributor returns change.
money to purchase ticket. 5. Distributor issues ticket.

Anything missing?
Exit condition:
• Passenger has ticket.
Exceptional cases!
The <<extends>> Relationship
• <<extends>> relationships represent
exceptional or seldom invoked cases.
• The exceptional event flows are
Passenger factored out of the main event flow for
clarity.
• Use cases representing exceptional
flows can extend more than one use
PurchaseTicket case.
• The direction of a <<extends>>
<<extends>> relationship is to the extended use case

<<extends>>
<<extends>>

OutOfOrder <<extends>> TimeOut

Cancel NoChange
The <<includes>>
Relationship
• <<includes>> relationship
represents behavior that is
Passenger
factored out of the use case.
• <<includes>> behavior is
factored out for reuse, not because
PurchaseMultiCard it is an exception.
PurchaseSingleTicket • The direction of a <<includes>>
<<includes>> relationship is to the using use
<<includes>> case (unlike <<extends>>
relationships).

CollectMoney
<<extends>> <<extends>>

NoChange Cancel
Use Cases are useful to…
• Determining requirements
– New use cases often generate new requirements as the
system is analyzed and the design takes shape.
• Communicating with clients
– Their notational simplicity makes use case diagrams a good
way for developers to communicate with clients.
• Generating test cases
– The collection of scenarios for a use case may suggest a
suite of test cases for those scenarios.
Use Case Diagrams: Summary
• Use case diagrams represent external behavior
• Use case diagrams are useful as an index into
the use cases
• Use case descriptions provide meat of model,
not the use case diagrams.
• All use cases need to be described for the
model to be useful.
Class Diagrams
• Gives an overview of a system by showing its
classes and the relationships among them.
– Class diagrams are static
– they display what interacts but not what happens
when they do interact
• Also shows attributes and operations of each
class
• Good way to describe the overall architecture
of system components
Class Diagram Perspectives
• We draw Class Diagrams under three
perspectives
– Conceptual
• Software independent
• Language independent
– Specification
• Focus on the interfaces of the software
– Implementation
• Focus on the implementation of the software
Classes – Not Just for Code
TariffSchedule
Table zone2price
Enumeration getZones()
Name Price getPrice(Zone)

TariffSchedule
zone2price Attributes Signature
getZones()
getPrice()
Operations TariffSchedule

• A class represent a concept


• A class encapsulates state (attributes) and behavior
(operations).
• Each attribute has a type.
• Each operation has a signature.
• The class name is the only mandatory information.
Instances
tarif_1974:TariffSchedule
zone2price = {
{‘1’, .20},
{‘2’, .40},
{‘3’, .60}}

• An instance represents a phenomenon.


• The name of an instance is underlined and can
contain the class of the instance.
• The attributes are represented with their values.
UML Class Notation
• A class is a rectangle divided into three parts
– Class name
– Class attributes (i.e. data members, variables)
– Class operations (i.e. methods)
• Modifiers
– Private: -
– Public: +
– Protected: #
– Static: Underlined (i.e. shared among all members of the class)
• Abstract class: Name in italics

Employee
-Name : string
+ID : long
#Salary : double
+getName() : string
+setName()
-calcInternalStuff(in x : byte, in y : decimal)
UML Class Notation
• Lines or arrows between classes indicate relationships
– Association
• A relationship between instances of two classes, where one class must know
about the other to do its work, e.g. client communicates to server
• indicated by a straight line or arrow
– Aggregation
• An association where one class belongs to a collection, e.g. instructor part of
Faculty
• Indicated by an empty diamond on the side of the collection
– Composition
• Strong form of Aggregation
• Lifetime control; components cannot exist without the aggregate
• Indicated by a solid diamond on the side of the collection
– Inheritance
• An inheritance link indicating one class a superclass relationship, e.g. bird is
part of mammal
• Indicated by triangle pointing to superclass
Binary Association
Binary Association: Both entities “Know About” each other

myB.service(); myA.doSomething();

Optionally, may create an Associate Class


Unary Association
A knows about B, but B knows nothing about A

myB.service(); Arrow points in direction


of the dependency
Aggregation
Aggregation is an association with a “collection-member” relationship

void doSomething() Hollow diamond on


aModule.service(); the Collection side

No sole ownership implied


Composition
Composition is Aggregation with:
Lifetime Control (owner controls construction, destruction)
Part object may belong to only one whole object

Employee
Team
-Name : string
-members : Employee +ID : long
1 #Salary : double
-adfaf : bool
*
+getName() : string
+setName()
-calcInternalStuff(in x : byte, in y : decimal)
members[0] =
new Employee();
… Filled diamond on
delete members[0]; side of the Collection
Inheritance
Standard concept of inheritance

Base Class

Derived Class

class B() extends A



UML Multiplicities
Links on associations to specify more details about the relationship

Multiplicities Meaning
zero or one instance. The notation n . . m
0..1
indicates n to m instances.
no limit on the number of instances
0..* or *
(including none).
1 exactly one instance
1..* at least one instance
UML Class Example
Association Details
• Can assign names to the ends of the
association to give further information

Employee
Team -group
-Name : string
-members: Employee -individual +ID : long
1 #Salary : double
-adfaf : bool
*
+getName() : string
+setName()
-calcInternalStuff(in x : byte, in y : decimal)
Static vs. Dynamic Design
• Static design describes code structure and object
relations
– Class relations
– Objects at design time
– Doesn’t change
• Dynamic design shows communication between
objects
– Similarity to class relations
– Can follow sequences of events
– May change depending upon execution scenario
– Called Object Diagrams
Object Diagrams
• Shows instances of Class Diagrams and links
among them
– An object diagram is a snapshot of the objects in a
system
• At a point in time
• With a selected focus
– Interactions – Sequence diagram
– Message passing – Collaboration diagram
– Operation – Deployment diagram
Object Diagrams

• Format is
– Instance name : Class name
– Attributes and Values

– Example:
Objects and Links

Can add association type and also message type


Package Diagrams
• To organize complex class diagrams, you can group
classes into packages. A package is a collection of
logically related UML elements
• Notation
– Packages appear as rectangles with small tabs at the top.
– The package name is on the tab or inside the rectangle.
– The dotted arrows are dependencies. One package depends
on another if changes in the other could possibly force
changes in the first.
– Packages are the basic grouping construct with which you
may organize UML models to increase their readability
Package Example

DispatcherInterface

Notification IncidentManagement
More Package Examples
Interaction Diagrams
• Interaction diagrams are dynamic -- they
describe how objects collaborate.
• A Sequence Diagram:
– Indicates what messages are sent and when
– Time progresses from top to bottom
– Objects involved are listed left to right
– Messages are sent left to right between objects in
sequence
Sequence Diagram Format
Actor from
Use Case Objects

2
Activation 3

Lifeline Calls = Solid Lines


Returns = Dashed Lines
Sequence Diagram : Destruction

Shows Destruction of b
(and Construction)
Sequence Diagram : Timing
Slanted Lines show propagation delay of messages
Good for modeling real-time systems

If messages cross this is usually problematic – race conditions


Sequence Example: Alarm System
• When the alarm goes off, it rings the alarm, puts a
message on the display, notifies the monitoring
service
Sequence Diagram Example
Hotel Reservation
Collaboration Diagram
• Collaboration Diagrams show similar information to
sequence diagrams, except that the vertical sequence
is missing. In its place are:
– Object Links - solid lines between the objects that interact
– On the links are Messages - arrows with one or more
message name that show the direction and names of the
messages sent between objects
• Emphasis on static links as opposed to sequence in
the sequence diagram
Collaboration Diagram
Activity Diagrams
• Fancy flowchart
– Displays the flow of activities involved in a single process
– States
• Describe what is being processed
• Indicated by boxes with rounded corners
– Swim lanes
• Indicates which object is responsible for what activity
– Branch
• Transition that branch
• Indicated by a diamond
– Fork
• Transition forking into parallel activities
• Indicated by solid bars
– Start and End
Sample Activity Diagram

• Ordering System
• May need multiple
diagrams from other
points of view
Activity Diagram Example
State Transition Diagrams
• Fancy version of a DFA
• Shows the possible states of the object and the
transitions that cause a change in state
– i.e. how incoming calls change the state
• Notation
– States are rounded rectangles
– Transitions are arrows from one state to another. Events or
conditions that trigger transitions are written beside the
arrows.
– Initial and Final States indicated by circles as in the
Activity Diagram
• Final state terminates the action; may have multiple final states
State Representation
• The set of properties and values describing the object
in a well defined instant are characterized by
– Name
– Activities (executed inside the state)
• Do/ activity
– Actions (executed at state entry or exit)
• Entry/ action
• Exit/ action
– Actions executed due to an event
• Event [Condition] / Action ^Send Event
Notation for States
Simple Transition Example
More Simple State Examples
State Transition Example
Validating PIN/SSN
State Charts – Local Variables
• State Diagrams can also store their own local
variables, do processing on them
• Library example counting books checked out
and returned
Borrow /
N = N+1

Is-Member Clean-Up

Start / N=0 Stop / N=0

Return /
N=N-1
Component Diagrams
• Shows various components in a system and their
dependencies, interfaces
• Explains the structure of a system
• Usually a physical collection of classes
– Similar to a Package Diagram in that both are used to group
elements into logical structures
– With Component Diagrams all of the model elements are
private with a public interface whereas Package diagrams
only display public items.
Component Diagram Notation
• Components are shown as rectangles with two
tabs at the upper left

• Dashed arrows indicate dependencies


• Circle and solid line indicates an interface to
the component
Component Example - Interfaces
• Restaurant
ordering
system
• Define
interfaces
first –
comes
from Class
Diagrams
Component Example - Components

• Graphical depiction of components


Component Example - Linking
• Linking components with dependencies
Deployment Diagrams
• Shows the physical architecture of the hardware and
software of the deployed system
• Nodes
– Typically contain components or packages
– Usually some kind of computational unit; e.g. machine or
device (physical or logical)
• Physical relationships among software and hardware
in a delivered systems
– Explains how a system interacts with the external
environment
Some Deployment Examples
Deployment Example

Often the Component Diagram is combined with the Deployment


Summary and Tools
• UML is a modeling language that can be used independent of
development
• Adopted by OMG and notation of choice for visual modeling
– http://www.omg.org/uml/
• Creating and modifying UML diagrams can be labor and time
intensive.
• Lots of tools exist to help
– Tools help keep diagrams, code in sync
– Repository for a complete software development project
– Examples here created with TogetherSoft ControlCenter, Microsoft
Visio, Tablet UML
– Other tools:
• Rational, Cetus, Embarcadero
• See http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~migod/uml.html for a list of tools, some free

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