Unit-3

• Identifying use cases

• Object Analysis
• Classification
• Identifying Object relationships
• Attributes and Methods.
 Agenda
• Identifying Use Cases
• Object Analysis: Classification
• Identifying object relationships, Attributes
and Methods.
 1.Object oriented analysis
Process: Identifying Use cases
 Identifying the use cases: Goals
• The use-case approach to object-oriented
analysis and the object-oriented analysis
process.
• Identifying actors.
• Identifying use cases.
• Documentation.
 What Is Analysis?
• Analysis is the process of transforming
a problem definition from a fuzzy set of
facts and myths into a coherent
statement of a system’s requirements.
 Analysis
• The main objective of the analysis is to
capture:
– a complete, unambiguous, and consistent
picture of the requirements of the system
and
– what the system must do to satisfy the
users' requirements and needs.
 Where Should We Start?
• 1. Examination of existing system
documentation.
• 2. Interviews.
• 3. Questionnaire.
• 4. Observation.
 Requirements Difficulties
Three most common sources of
requirements difficulties are:
1. Incomplete requirements.
2. Fuzzy descriptions (such as fast
response).
3. Unneeded features.
 The Object-Oriented Analysis
(OOA) Process
• The process consists of the following
steps:
• 1. Identify the actors:
– Who is using the system?
– Or, in the case of a new system, who will be
using system?
 The OOA Process (Con’t)
• 2. Develop a simple business process
model using UML activity diagram.
 The OOA Process (Con’t)
• 3. Develop the use case:
– What the users are doing with the system?
– Or, in the case of a new system, what
users will be doing with the system?

Use cases provide us with comprehensiv

documentation of the system under stud
 The OOA Process (Con’t)
• 4. Prepare interaction diagrams:
– Determine the sequence.
– Develop collaboration diagrams.
 The OOA Process (Con’t)
• 5. Classification—develop a static UML
class diagram:
– Identify classes.
– Identify relationships.
– Identify attributes.
– Identify methods.
 The OOA Process (Con’t)
• 6. Iterate and refine: If needed, repeat
the preceding steps.

Develop Use- Develop Identify Classes,

Cases, ADs Refine
Interaction Relationships, and
Diagrams Attributes & iterate
Identify Actors prototyping Methods

O-O Analysis
 Developing Business Processes
• Developing an activity diagram of the
business processes can provide us with
an overall view of the system.
 Use Case Model
• Use cases are scenarios for understanding
system requirements.
• The use-case model describes the uses of
the system and shows the courses of events
that can be performed.
• Some Definitions
– User – Human Users + Other Systems
– Use Case – A piece of functionality
– Use-Case Model – All the use cases
– Use-Case Driven – Development
process follows a flow
 Use case Driven
Product development is Use case driven:
• Capture the user’s needs (requirements - in users context)
- Helps in Project Scheduling
• Analyse to specify the needs
• Design to realize the needs
• Implement to implement the needs
• Test to verify the needs Verified by
Te s t1 Te s t3

Implemented by Tes t2

Realized by
Use cases Test
Specified by Design1

Design2

Design4

Design3
Implementation

Design
Analysis
 Use Case Model (Con’t)

• Use case defines what happens in the

system when a use case is performed.
• The use-case model tries to
systematically identify uses of the
system and therefore the system's
responsibilities.
 Use Cases Under the
Microscope
• "A Use Case is a sequence of
transactions in a system whose task is
to yield results of measurable value to
an individual actor of the system."
What is a
Use Case
again?
 Use Case Key Concepts
• Use case. Use case is a special flow of
events through the system.
• Actors. An actor is a user playing a role
with respect to the system.
• In a system. This simply means that the
actors communicate with the system's
use case.
Use Case Key Concepts (Con’t)
• A measurable value. A use case must
help the actor to perform a task that has
some identifiable value.
• Transaction. A transaction is an atomic
set of activities that are performed
either fully or not at all.
 Use Associations
• The use association occurs when you
are describing your use cases and
notice that some of them have common
subflows.
• The use association allows you to
extract the common subflow and make
it a use case of its own.
 Extends Associations
• The extends association is used when
you have one use case that is similar to
another use case but does a bit more or
• Is more specialized; in essence, it is like
a subclass.
 L ib r a r y

B o rro w b o o k s u ses

C h e c k in g L ib ra ry C a rd
e x te n d s
uses
In te r lib ra ry lo a n
C irc u la tio n C le rk
M em ber R e tu rn B o o k s
P e rfo rm in g re s e a rc h

R e a d in g b o o k s S u p p lie r
N ew spaper
P u rc h a s in g S u p p lie s
 Fully Developed
Use Case Description
Use Case Name: Checkout Movies
Scenario: Checkout movies at counter
Triggering Event: Customer brings movies to checkout counter
Brief Description: When customer brings movies to counter, clerk checks membership ID,
clerk scans in each movie identifier, takes payment, and notifies
customer of return due date and time.
Actors: Video clerk
Related Use Cases: Add new member

Stakeholders: Clerk, Store manager

Preconditions: Movie titles must exist
Movie copy must exist
Customer must exist (or Add new member must be invoked)
Postconditions: Video Rental and rental line items must be created
Payment transaction must be created
Status of movie copy must be updated
Video Rental must be connected to customer family member
Use Case Diagram Notation
Actor

Association

Use Case

Use case with Extension points

<<Uses>>

<<Extends>>
 Types of Use Cases
• Use cases could be viewed as concrete
or abstract.
• An abstract use case is not complete
and has no initiation actors but is used
by a concrete use case, which does
interact with actors.
 Identifying the Actors
• The term actor represents the role a
user plays with respect to the system.
• When dealing with actors, it is important
to think about roles rather than
people or job titles.
 Identifying the Actors (Con’t)
• Candidates for actors can be found
through the answers to the following
questions:
– Who is using the system? Or,
– Who is affected by the system? Or,
– Which groups need help from the system
to perform a task?
Identifying the Actors (Con’t)
– Who affects the system? Or,
– Which user groups are needed by the
system to perform its functions? These
functions can be both main functions and
secondary functions, such as
administration.
– Which external hardware or other systems
(if any) use the system to perform tasks?
Identifying the Actors (Con’t)
– What problems does this application solve
(that is, for whom)?
– And, finally, how do users use the system
(use case)? What are they doing with the
system?
 Guidelines for Finding Use
Cases
• For each actor, find the tasks and
functions that the actor should be able
to perform or that the system needs the
actor to perform.
• Name the use cases.
• Describe the use cases briefly by
applying terms with which the user is
familiar.
 Separate Actors From Users
• Each use case should have only one
main actor.
• Isolate users from actors.
• Isolate actors from other actors
(separate the responsibilities of each
actor).
• Isolate use cases that have different
initiating actors and slightly different
behavior.
 Documentation
• An effective document can serve as a
communication vehicle among the
project's team members, or it can serve
as initial understanding of the
requirements.
 Effective Documentation:
Common Cover
• All documents should share a common
cover sheet that identifies the
document, the current version, and the
individual responsible for the content.
 80–20 Rule
• 80 percent of the work can be done with 20
percent of the documentation.
• The trick is to make sure that the 20 percent
is easily accessible and the rest (80
percent) is available to those (few) who
need to know.

80%-
 Familiar Vocabulary
• Use a vocabulary that your readers
understand and are comfortable with.
• The main objective here is to
communicate with readers and not
impress them with buzz words.
Make the Document as Short as
Possible
• Eliminate all repetition;
• Present summaries, reviews, organization
chapters in less than three pages;
• Make chapter headings task
oriented so that the table of
contents also could serve as
an index.
 Organize the Document
• Use the rules of good organization
(such as the organization's standards,
college handbooks, Strunk and White's
Elements of Style, or the University of
Chicago Manual of Style) within each
section.
 Summary
• The main objective of the analysis is to
capture a complete, unambiguous, and
consistent picture of the requirements
of the system.
• Construct several models and views of
the system to describe what the
system does rather than how.
 Summary (Con’t)
• Capturing use cases is one of the first
things to do in coming up with
requirements.
• Every use case is a potential requirement.
 Summary (Con’t)
• The key in developing effective
documentation is to eliminate all
repetition; present summaries, reviews,
organization chapters in less than three
pages.
• Use the 80–20 rule: 80 percent of the
work can be done with 20 percent of the
documentation.
Object Analysis: Classification
 Introduction
• OOA is a process by which we can identify
classes that play a role in achieving system
goals and requirements
• Various Approaches for identifying the classes
• Classification: is the process of checking to see
if an object belongs to a category or a class, is
regarded as a basic attribute of human nature.
Example: Classifying the car
 What is an Object
– An object Is an unique, identifiable, self-
contained entity that possesses operations
and contains attributes
– • Possesses all the know-how and information
it needs to perform the services for which it
was designed
– Is a "black box" which receives and sends
messages
 What is a Class ?
• A Class is a software template that defines
the methods and variables to be included in a
particular kind of Object.
• Is a blue print used to create objects. As it is a
blue print, at runtime it will not occupy any
memory.
• Examples :
Animal, Human being, Automobiles
 Classes VS. Objects
Class Object

Class is a type/ template Object is an instance of

for similar objects the class

Class is purely a static Objects are run time /

concept, represented by dynamic entities that
program text occupy space in memory
... Intelligent classification is intellectually
hard work, and it best comes about
through an incremental and iterative
process
Booch
..There is no such thing as the perfect
class structure, nor the right set of
objects. As in any engineering
discipline, our design choice is
compromisingly shaped by many
competing factors.
Booch
 Point To Remember
Two Issues
• A class is a specification of structure,
behavior, and the description of an
object.
• Classification is more
concerned with identifying
classes than identifying the
individual objects ina system.
The Challenge of Classification
• Intelligent classification is intellectually
hard work and may seem rather
arbitrary.
• Martin and Odell have observed in
object-oriented analysis and
design, that
“In fact, an object can be categorized
in more than one way.”
Employer Employee

Pet Owner Good Credit Risk

 Approaches for Identifying
Classes
• The noun phrase approach.
• The common class patterns approach.
• The use-case driven approach.
• The class responsibilities collaboration
(CRC) approach.
 Noun Phrase Approach
• Using this method, you have to read
through the Use cases, interviews, and
requirements specification carefully,
looking for noun phrases.
Noun Phrase Strategy (Con’t)
• Change all plurals to singular and make
a list, which can then be divided into
three categories.

Relevent Classes Fuzzy Classes Irrelevent Classes

Noun Phrase Strategy (Con’t)
• It is safe to scrap the Irrelevant
Classes.
• You must be able to formulate a
statement of purpose for each
candidate class; if not, simply eliminate
it.
• You must then select candidate classes
from the other two categories.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Classes
• The followings are guidelines for
selecting classes in your application:
• Look for nouns and noun phrases in
the problem statement.
• Some classes are implicit or taken from
general knowledge.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Classes (Con’t)
• All classes must make sense in the
application domain.
• Avoid computer implementation classes,
defer it to the design stage.
• Carefully choose and define class names.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
Redundant Classes:
• Do not keep two classes that express
the same information.
• If more than one word is being
used to describe the same idea,
select the one that is the most
meaningful in the context of the
system.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Con’t)
Adjective Classes:
• Does the object represented by the noun
behave differently when the adjective is
applied to it?
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Con’t)
• If the use of the adjective signals that the
behavior of the object is different, then
make a new class.
• For example, If Adult Membership and
Youth Membership behave differently,
than they should be classified as different
classes.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Con’t)
Attribute Classes:
• Tentative objects which are used only
as values should be defined or restated
as attributes and not as a class.
• For example the demographics of
Membership are not classes but
attributes of the Membership class.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Con’t)
Irrelevant Classes:
• Each class must have a purpose and
every class should be clearly defined
and necessary.
• If you cannot come up with a statement
of purpose, simply eliminate the
candidate class.
 Identifying a list of candidate classes

• Take a coherent, concise statement of the requirement

of the system
• Underline its noun and noun phrases, that is, identify the
words and phases the denote things
• This gives a list of candidate classes, which we can then
whittle down and modify to get an initial class list for the
system
 In this particular case we discard
• Library, because it is outside the scope of our system
• Short term loan, because a loan is really an event,
which so far as we know is not a useful object in this
system
• Member of the library, which is redundant
• Week, because it is a measure, not a thing
• Item, because it is vague (we need to clarify it)
• Time, because it is outside the scope of the system
• System, because it is part of the meta-language of
requirements description, not a part of domain
• Rule, for the same reason
 This leaves:
• Book
• Journal
• Copy (of book)
• Library member
• Member of staff
Common Class Patterns Approach
• This approach is based on the knowledge-
base of the common classes that have
been proposed by various researchers.
 Candidate Classes - Events
• These are points in time that must be
recorded and remembered.
• Things happen, usually to something
else, at a given date and time, or as a
step in an ordered sequence.
• For example order which is an
event that must be remembered.
Candidate Classes - Organization
• The organizational units that people
belong to.
• For example, accounting department
might be considered as a potential
class.
 Candidate Classes - People and
Person (Roles and Roles Played)
• The different roles users play in interacting
with the application.
Candidate Classes - People (Con’t)
• It can be divided into two types (Coad &
Yourdon):
• Those representing users of the
system, such as an operator, or a clerk;
Candidate Classes - People (Con’t)
• Those people who do not use the
system but about whom information is
kept.
– Some examples are Client, Employee,
Teacher, Manager.
 Candidate Classes - Places
• These are physical locations, such as
buildings, stores, sites or offices that the
system must keep information about.
 Candidate Classes - Tangible
Things and Devices
• Physical objects, or group of objects, that
are tangible, and devices with which the
application interacts.
• For example, cars, pressure
sensors.
 Candidate Classes - Concepts
• Concepts are principles or
ideas not tangible but used to
organize or keep track of
business activities and/or
communications.
 Use-case Driven Approach

• Once the system has been described in

terms of its scenarios, we can examine
the textual description or steps of each
scenario to determine what objects are
needed for the scenario to occur.
 Use-case Driven Approach
• To identify objects of a system and
their behaviors, the lowest level of
executable use cases is further
analyzed with a sequence and
collaboration diagram pair.
• By walking through the steps, you can
determine what objects are necessary
for the steps to take place.
Sequence Diagram Notation
Actor

Class

Synchronous
message
Asynchronous
message

Focus of Control

Return message

Termination
lifeline
C lie n t A T M M a c h in eB a n k C lie n t

I n s e r t A T M c a r d

R e q u e s t P I N

R e q u e s t P I N n u m b e r

V e r if y P I N N u m b e r

B a d P I N N u m b e r

B a d P I N N u m b e r
M e s s a g e

E je c t A T M c a r d

R e q u e s t t a k e c a r d

T a k e c a r d
D is p la y m a in s c r e e n
B a n k C l i e A n Tt M M a c h Ai n c e c o u n t C h e c k i n g A c c o u n t

R e q u e s t K i n d

E n t e r K in d

R e q u e s t A m o u n t
E n t e r A m o u n t

P r o c e s s T r a n s a c t io n
W it h d r a w C h e c k in g A c c o u n t
T r a n s a c t io n sW u ci t ch ed er a d w S u c c e s s f u l

D is p e n s e C a s h

R e q u e s t T a k e C a s h
T a k e C a s h
R e q u e s t C o n t in u a t io n
T e r m in a t e
P r in t R e c e ip t
 2 : E n te r K in d
5 : P ro c e s s T ra n s a c tio n
4 : E n te r A m o u n t
1 3 : T e r m in a te
A ccount A T M M a c h in e : D e f in it io n B a n k C lie n t

8 : T r a n s a c t io n s u c c e e d
1 : R e q u e s t K in d
3: R equest A m ount
9 : D is p e n s e C a s h
10: R equest Take C ash
7 : W it h d r a w S u c c e s s f u l 6 : W ith d ra w C h e c k in g A c c o u n t
11: Take C ash
1 2 : R e q u e s t C o n t in u a t io n
C h e c k in g A c c o u n t 1 4 : P r in t R e c e ip t
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
• A Collaboration is a name given to the
interaction among two or more
classes\objects.
• Collaboration Diagram show
– objects and their links to each other, as well as
– how messages are sent between the linked
objects.
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM CONT.,

• Collaboration shows
– the implementation of an operation or
– the realization of a use case.
• The focus here is on Message.(Hence
numbered)
• 5o focus on message means that they focus
on object roles instead of time, and therefore
explicitly shown in the diagram.
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM -
PURPOSE

• Collaboration Diagrams are useful when

we want to refer to a particular interaction.

• To illustrate the coordination of object

structure and flow of control.
 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM VS
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Both show the interaction between the

objects\classes.
• If time is the most important aspect to
emphasize, choose sequence diagrams.
• If the role is the most important aspect to
emphasize, choose collaboration diagram
 CRC Cards
• CRC stands for Class, Responsibilities
and Collaborators developed by
Cunningham, Wilkerson and Beck.
• CRC can be used for identifying classes
and their responsibilities.
Process of the CRC Technique

Identify
Classes
responsibility

Iterate

Identify Assign
Collaboration responsibility
 Collaborations
• An object can accomplish either a
certain responsibility itself, or it may
require the assistance of other objects.
• If it requires an assistance of other
objects, it must collaborate with
those objects to fulfill
its responsibility.
 CRC Cards (Con’t)
• CRC cards are 4" x 6" index cards. All
the information for an object is written
on a card.

ClassName
...
Collaborators

...
Responsibilities
 CRC Cards (Con’t)
• CRC starts with only one or two obvious
cards.
• If the situation calls for a responsibility not
already covered by one of the objects:
– Add, or
– Create a new object to address that
responsibility.
 Guidelines for Naming Classes
• The class should describe a single
object, so it should be the singular form
of noun.
• Use names that the users are
comfortable with.
• The name of a class should reflect its
intrinsic nature.
 Guidelines for Naming Classes
(Con’t)
• By the convention, the class name must
begin with an upper case letter.
• For compound words, capitalize the first
letter of each word - for example,
LoanWindow.
 Summary
• Finding classes is not easy.
• The more practice you have, the better
you get at identifying classes.
• There is no such thing as the “right set
of classes.”
• Finding classes is an incremental
and iterative process.
 Summary (Con’t)
• Unless you are starting with a lot of
domain knowledge, you are probably
missing more classes than you will
eliminate.
• Naming a class is also an important
activity.
• The class should describe a single
object, so it should be a singular noun
or an adjective and a noun.
 Identifying Object
Relationships, Attributes, and
Methods
 Goals

• Analyzing relationships among classes.

• Identifying association.
• Association patterns.
• Identifying super- and subclass
hierarchies.
 Introduction
• Identifying aggregation or a-part-of
compositions.
• Class responsibilities.
• Identifying attributes and methods by
analyzing use cases and other UML
diagrams.
Objects contribute to the behavior of the
system by collaborating with one
another.
—Grady Booch
In OO environment, an application is
the interactions and relationships
among its domain objects.
All objects stand in relationship to
others, on whom they rely for services
and controls.
 Objects Relationships
• Three types of relationships among
objects are:
– Association.
– Super-sub structure (also known as
generalization hierarchy).
– Aggregation and a-part-of structure.
 Associations
• A reference from one class to another is
an association.
• Basically a dependency between two or
more classes is an association.
• For example, Jackie
works for John.
 Associations (Con’t)
• Some associations are implicit or taken
from general knowledge.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Associations
• Association often appears as a verb in
a problem statement and represents
relationships between classes.
• For example a pilot can fly planes.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Associations (Con’t)
• Association often corresponds to
verb or prepositional phrases such as
part of, next to, works for,
contained in, etc.
Common Association Patterns
• Common association patterns include:
• Location Association: next To, part of,
contained in, ingredient of etc. :
• For example cheddar cheese is an
ingredient of the French soup.
 Common Association Patterns
(Con’t)
• Communication association—talk to, order
to.
• For example, a customer places an order
with an operator person.

C u s t o m e r O p e r a t o r

O r d e r
 Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations
• Implementation association. Defer
implementation-specific associations to the
design phase.
• Ternary associations. Ternary or n-ary
association is an association among more
than two classes
 Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations (Con’t)
• Directed actions (derived) associations
can be defined in terms of other
associations.
• Since they are redundant you should
avoid these types of association.
 Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations (Con’t)
• Grandparent of Ken can be
defined in terms of the
parent association.
G r a n d P a r e n t
J o h n o f K e n

P a r e n t P a r e n t

J o h n
o f B r i a n o f
K e n
 Superclass-Subclass
Relationships
• Recall that at the top of the class hierarchy
is the most general class, and from it
descend all other, more specialized
classes.
• Sub-classes are more specialized
versions of their super-classes.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Super-sub Relationships: Top-
down
• Look for noun phrases composed of
various adjectives on class name.
• Example, Military Aircraft and Civilian
Aircraft.
• Only specialize when the sub
classes have significant behavior.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Super-sub Relationships:
Bottom-up
• Look for classes with similar attributes or
methods.
• Group them by moving the common
attributes and methods to super class.
• Do not force classes to fit a preconceived
generalization structure.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Super-sub Relationships:
Reusability
• Move attributes and methods as high as
possible in the hierarchy.
• At the same time do not create very
specialized classes at the top of hierarchy.
• This balancing act can be
achieved through several
iterations.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Super-sub Relationships:
Multiple inheritance
• Avoid excessive use of multiple
inheritance.
• It is also more difficult to understand
programs written in multiple
inheritance system.
 Multiple inheritance (Con’t)
• One way to achieve the benefits of multiple
inheritance is to inherit from the most
appropriate class and add an object of other
class as an attribute.
• In essence, a multiple inheritance can be
represented as an aggregation
of a single inheritance and
aggregation. This meta
Multiple Inheritance

model reflects this

situation.

Single Inheritance Aggregation

 A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation

• A-part-of relationship, also called

aggregation, represents the situation
where a class consists of several
component classes.
 A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation (Con’t)
• This does not mean that the class
behaves like its parts.
• For example, a car consists of many other
classes, one of them is a radio,
but a car does not C ar

behave like a radio.

E n g in e R a d io

C a rb u re to r
 A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation (Con’t)
• Two major properties of a-part-of
relationship are:
– transitivity
– antisymmetry
 Transitivity
• If A is part of B and B is part of C, then A
is part of C.
• For example, a carburetor is part of an
engine and an engine is part of a car;
therefore, a carburetor is part of a car.
 Antisymmetry
• If A is part of B, then B is not part of A.
• For example, an engine is part of a car,
but a car is not part of an engine.
 Where responsibilities for
certain behavior must reside?
• Does the part class belong to problem
domain?
• Is the part class within the system's
responsibilities?
where responsibilities ...(Con’t)
• Does the part class capture more than
a single value?
• If it captures only a single value, then
simply include it as an attribute with the
whole class.
• Does it provide a useful abstraction in
dealing with the problem domain?
A-Part-of Relationship Patterns
Assembly
• An assembly-Part situation physically
exists.
• For example, a French soup consists of
onion, butter, flour, wine, French bread,
cheddar cheese, etc.
 A-Part-of Relationship
Patterns
Container
• A case such as course-teacher situation,
where a course is considered as a
container. Teachers are assigned to
specific courses.
A-Part-of Relationship Patterns
Collection-Member
• A soccer team is a collection of players.

F o o t b a ll T e a m

P la y e r
 Class Responsibility:
Identifying Attributes and
Methods
• Identifying attributes and methods, like
finding classes, is a difficult activity.
• The use cases and other UML diagrams
will be our guide for identifying attributes,
methods, and relationships among
classes.
Identifying Class Responsibility
by Analyzing Use Cases and
Other UML Diagrams
• Attributes can be identified by
analyzing the use cases,
sequence/collaboration, activity, and
state diagrams.
 Responsibility
• How am I going to be used?
• How am I going to collaborate with
other classes?
• How am I described in the context of
this system's responsibility?
• What do I need to know?
• What state information do I need to
remember over time?
• What states can I be in?
Assign Each Responsibility To
A Class
• Assign each responsibility to the class
that it logically belongs to.
• This also aids us in determining the
purpose and the role that each class
plays in the application.
Object Responsibility: Attributes
• Information that the system needs to
remember.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes
• Attributes usually correspond to nouns
followed by possessive phrases such as
cost of the soup.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Con’t)
• Keep the class simple; only state enough
attributes to define the object state.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Con’t)
• Attributes are less likely to be fully
described in the problem statement.
• You must draw on your
knowledge of the application

domain and the real

world to find them.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Con’t)
• Omit derived attributes.
• For example, don't use age as an attribute
since it can be derived from date of birth.
• Drive attributes should be expressed as a
method.
 Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Con’t)
• Do not carry discovery of attributes to
excess.
• You can always add more attributes in the
subsequent iterations.
Object Responsibility: Methods
& Messages
• Methods and messages are the work
horses of object-oriented systems.
• In O-O environment, every
piece of data, or object,
is surrounded by a rich set
of routines called methods.
 Identifying Methods by
Analyzing UML Diagrams and
Use Cases
• Sequence diagrams can assist us in
defining the services the objects must
provide.
Identifying Methods (Con’t)
ATM Account
B a n k C li e n t C h e c k in g A c c o u n t
M a c h in e

R e q u e s t K in d

E n te r K in d

R equest Am ount
E n te r A m o u n t

P r o c e s s T r a n s a c t io n
W i t h d r a w C h e c k in g A c c o u n t
T r a n s a c t io n s u c c e e d W it h d r a w S u c c e s s f u l

D is p e n s e C a s h

R equest Take C ash

Take C ash
R e q u e s t C o n t i n u a t io n
T e r m in a t e
P r in t R e c e ip t
 Identifying Methods (Con’t)
• Methods usually correspond to queries
about attributes (and sometimes
association) of the objects.
• Methods are responsible for managing
the value of attributes such as query,
updating, reading and writing.
 Identifying Methods (Con’t)
• For example, we need to ask the
following questions about soup class:
• What services must a soup class
provide? And
• What information (from domain
knowledge) is soup class responsible
for storing?
 Identifying Methods (Con’t)
• Let's first take a look at its attributes
which are:
• name
• preparation,
• price,
• preparation time and
• oven temperature.
 Identifying Methods (Con’t)
• Now we need to add methods that can
maintain these attributes.
• For example, we need a method to
change a price of a soup and another
operation to query about the price.
 Identifying Methods (Con’t)
• setName
• getName
• setPreparation
• get Preparation
• setCost
• getCost
• setOvenTemperature
• getOvenTemperature
• setPreparationTime
• getPreparationTime
 Summary
• We learned how to identify three types
of object relationships:
• Association
• Super-sub Structure (Generalization
Hierarchy)
• A-part-of Structure
 Summary (Con’t)
• The hierarchical relation allows the sharing
of properties or inheritance.
• A reference from one class to another is an
association.
• The A-Part-of Structure is a special form of
association.
 Summary (Con’t)
• Every class is responsible for storing
certain information from domain
knowledge .
• Every class is responsible for performing
operations necessary upon that
information.