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    Photovoltaic Cells

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    1. Silicon is a popular material for solar photovoltaic cells because it is abundant, inexpensive to produce, and can be made into semiconductors through doping. 2. Silicon solar cells work by creating a p-n junction through doping, where photons generate electrons that flow from the n-type to p-type silicon, producing an electric current. 3. Doping involves adding atoms like boron, arsenic or phosphorus to create an excess or deficit of electrons, producing positively or negatively charged regions.

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    Photovoltaic Cells

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    1. Silicon is a popular material for solar photovoltaic cells because it is abundant, inexpensive to produce, and can be made into semiconductors through doping. 2. Silicon solar cells work by creating a p-n junction through doping, where photons generate electrons that flow from the n-type to p-type silicon, producing an electric current. 3. Doping involves adding atoms like boron, arsenic or phosphorus to create an excess or deficit of electrons, producing positively or negatively charged regions.

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    Photovoltaic cells

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    1. Silicon is a popular material for solar photovoltaic cells because it is abundant, inexpensive to produce, and can be made into semiconductors through doping. 2. Silicon solar cells work by creating a p-n junction through doping, where photons generate electrons that flow from the n-type to p-type silicon, producing an electric current. 3. Doping involves adding atoms like boron, arsenic or phosphorus to create an excess or deficit of electrons, producing positively or negatively charged regions.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    46 views8 pages

    Photovoltaic Cells

    Uploaded by

    rid
    1. Silicon is a popular material for solar photovoltaic cells because it is abundant, inexpensive to produce, and can be made into semiconductors through doping. 2. Silicon solar cells work by creating a p-n junction through doping, where photons generate electrons that flow from the n-type to p-type silicon, producing an electric current. 3. Doping involves adding atoms like boron, arsenic or phosphorus to create an excess or deficit of electrons, producing positively or negatively charged regions.

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    of 8

    PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

    Science of Silicon
    PV Cells
    ●Scientific base for solar PV electric power generation is
    solid-state physics of semiconductors

    ●Silicon is a popular candidate material for solar PV cells


    because:
    ● It is a semiconductor material.
    ● Technology is well developed to make silicon to be
    positive (+ve) or negative (-ve) charge-carriers –
    essential elements for an electric cell or battery
    ● Silicon is abundant in supply and relatively inexpensive
    in production
    ●Micro- and nano-technologies have enhanced the
    opto-electricity conversion efficiency of silicon solar
    PV cells
    Working Principle of Silicon Solar PV Cells
    Photovoltaic material of device converts:
    Light (photon) Energy Electric Energy

    Silicon solar photovoltaic cells = a device made of semiconductor materials


    that produce electricity under light
    ● A p-n junction is created in silicon by a doping process.
    SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 functions as
    p-Si node n-Si node electric insulators
    Silicon wafer
    Flow of electrons → current, i
    ● The photons from the exposed light + -
    prompted electrons flowing from n- Conducting
    circuit
    junction to the p-junction →
    Electric current flow. SiO2 SiO2 SiO2
    p-Si node n-Si node
    Silicon wafer
    Doping of Semiconductors
    ● Doping for common semiconductor, e.g. silicon (Si) involves adding atoms
    with different number of electrons to create unbalanced number of electrons
    in the base material (e.g. Si)

    ● The base material, after doping, with excessive electrons will carry –ve charge.
    ● The base material, after doping, with deficit in electron will carry +ve charge.

    ● Doping of silicon can be achieved by “ion implantation” or “diffusion” of


    Boron (B) atom for +ve charge or of Arsenide (As) or Phosphorus (P) for
    –ve charge.

    Si Hole Si Extra Electron

    Si B Si Si As Si

    Si Si

    P-type doping N-type doping


    (“holes” for electrons) (with extra electrons)
    Silicon Solar Photovoltaic – Cont’d

    Bombardment of photons from solar


    rays energize electrons → Junction.

    Break the junction into the p-layer


    → Electricity

    Photons from the Sun


    POWER

    - -
    Extra electrons: - -- - - -- - - - - -
    - -- - - - - - -
    Flow of
    + + + + + + + + + + + + electrons
    Solar Radiation Energy

    Spectrum of sun light

    Density on Earth surface:


    1.4 kW/m2

    ● Solar energy is associated


    with photons in the rays.

    Global distribution of solar energy


    Silicon Solar PV Product –
    Silicon Solar PV Panels

    150 mm dia.
    Wafers

    150 cm2 For power generation


    12.25 cm x 12.25 cm

    SunPower Corp. Model SPR-215-BLK modules:


    798 mm wide x 1559 mm long x 46 mm thick (with 72 cells)
    Weight: 15 kg
    Output: 40 v, 5.4 A (216 W)
    Conversion efficiency: 17.3% (21.5% for all-black-contact cells)
    Types of Solar PV Cells

    A. Flat plate systems:

    ● On rigid flat surface


    ● Usually from single wafers
    from 300 to 250 to 200 μm tk
    ● Area: 170 cm2 approx.
    ● Output power: 1 - 2 W approx.
    ● Output Voltage: 0.5 v approx.

    B. Concentrator systems:
    ● With optical components, e.g.
    lenses to direct and concentrate
    sunlight on the PV cells of small
    areas Solar radiation
    ● Involving tracking mechanisms Fresnel
    for directing the sunlight lens
    ● Can increase power flux of sunlight Solar cell
    hundreds of times
    ● Heat dissipation required
    Heat dissipation

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