ACTIVITY 1

• Complete this statement….

• In oder for the cell to stay alive, it must :
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
Cells need to….
• Cells need to get nutrients
• Cells need to get energy
• Cells need to remove waste
products
• Cells need to grow
• Cells need to reproduce
• Cells need to adapt themselves to
their environment.
In order for the cell to stay alive…

• It must meet the

characteristics of life which
include taking nutrients in
and eliminating wastes and
other by products of
metabolism.
• Several mechanisms allow cells to carry out
these processes.
• All of the cell’s activities are in one way or
another tied to the membrane that separates
its interior from the environment.
Plasma membrane or Cell Membrane
Plasma membrane or Cell
Membrane
 PLASMA MEMBRANE AS AN
ORGANELLE
• The plasma membrane is an
organelle because it is
designed for and fulfills a
specific, specialized function.
THE JOB OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

• The job of the cell membrane is

to protect the cell and give it a
shape.
• It holds all of the parts in a neat
package and prevents damage to
the delicate internal structures
and genetic material.
 AS REGULATOR/CONTROLLER….
• The cell membrane is also responsible for
controlling the passage of materials in and out
of the cell.
• It is considered "a semipermeable, fluid
membrane". The cell membrane controls
what is allowed into the cell and permits
certain wastes and products to leave the cell.
It is made of a lipid bilayer which allows it
to keep its shape and allow certain
substances in and out of the cell.
The cell membrane can shrink and stretch
allowing he shape of the cell to change as
needed and with its strong double layer
structure it can protect the cell possible
damage.
The cell membrane can shrink and stretch
allowing the shape of the cell to change as
needed and with its strong double layer
structure it can protect the cell possible
damage.
ACTIVITY 2
GIGANTISM
DWARFISM
ACTIVITY 2
• 1.“ What comes into
your mind when you
see a 20 year old man
who is 7.5 ft. tall and
3.5 ft. tall man of the
same age?
• 2. Discuss the
similarities and
differences between
the two.
 ABNORMAL GROWTH
• Their growth are abnormal such that
one is big in size and the other one is
too small. Both men have defective
membranes. Insufficient amount of
growth hormones pass through a
pygmy’s body while an excessive
amount of growth hormones is
released in a giant.
 DIFFUSION
• Refers to the natural tendency for
molecules to move constantly.
• Their movement is random and is due to
the energy found in the individual
molecules.
• Net diffusion occurs when the materials
on one side of the membrane have a
different concentration than the
materials on the other side.
DIFFUSION HAPPENS WHEN…
 FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
• Several factors affect the rate of diffusion.
• 1. Extent of the concentration gradient:
• The greater the difference in concentration,
the more rapid the diffusion. The closer the
distribution of the material gets to
equilibrium, the slower the rate of diffusion
becomes.
 FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
• 2. Mass of the molecules diffusing: More
massive molecules move more slowly,
because it is more difficult for them to move
between the molecules of the substance they
are moving through; therefore, they diffuse
more slowly.
 FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
• 3. Temperature: Higher temperatures increase
the energy and therefore the movement of
the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion.
 FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
• 4. Solvent density: As the density of the
solvent increases, the rate of diffusion
decreases. The molecules slow down because
they have a more difficult time getting
through the denser medium.
Common Examples of Diffusion

• You can smell perfume because it diffuses into

the air and makes its way into your nose.
Common Examples of Diffusion

• If you water wilted plants, the water will

diffuse into the plants and they will get firmer.
Common Examples of Diffusion

• When flowers are soaked into water of

different colors
 Common Examples of Diffusion
• When flowers are soaked into water of
different colors (Mini Performance Task)
DIFFUSION THROUGH A SEMI
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
Is a special type of
diffusion specially
associated with the
movement of water
molecules.
 OSMOSIS
• movement of a solvent (such as
water) through a semipermeable
membrane (as of a living cell) into a
solution of higher solute
concentration that tends to
equalize the concentrations of
solute on the two sides of the
membrane
 OSMOSIS
• Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a
semipermeable membrane
according to the
concentration gradient of
water across the membrane.
• Whereas diffusion transports
material across membranes and
within cells, osmosis transports
only water across a membrane
and the membrane limits the
diffusion of solutes in the water.
DIFFUSION VS. OSMOSIS
 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• Refers to the transport of
substances across a biological
membrane from an area of
higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration by
means of a carrier molecule.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
IMAGINE A CELL IS LIKE A
PRISON CELL…
PROTEIN CHANNEL VS.
CARRIER PROTEIN
 PROTEIN CHANNEL VS.
CARRIER PROTEIN
• Carrier proteins are • Channel proteins
the integral proteins are ion selective,
which extend into the and contain a
lipid bilayer of cell
pore in which
membrane, and serve
solute pass at
as channels for water
soluble substances high flux rates
such as glucose and when the channel
electrolytes. is open.
 PROTEIN CHANNEL VS.
CARRIER PROTEIN
• Carrier • Channel
proteins are proteins are
glycoproteins. lipoproteins
• (proteins that • (proteins that have
combine with
have transport fats and
carbohydrates) other lipids)
Passive and Active Transport
 Passive and Active Transport
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT • ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Heat energy of the • Requires the cell
cellular environment to do work,
provides all of the requiring the cell
energy, hence, this is
not energy-costly to
to expend its
the cell. energy reserves.
• Energy is not
required
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
VS. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
 REVIEW - quiz
• IDENTIFY :
• _____1. refers to the movement of substances
from an area of high to low concentration
• _____2. refers to the movement of water
across a semi permeable membrane
• _____3. It is utilizes protein transmembrane
channels that are specific to certain molecule
 REVIEW-quiz
• IDENTIFY :
• _____ 4. It refers to the movement of
molecules requiring the use of energy
• ______5. It refers to the movement of
molecules without the expenditure of energy
• _______6. It is the kind of energy used by the
cell in transporting important substances.
• _______7. What kind of transport mechanism
happens in salted egg?
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
No Energy needed; Requires the use of
N o ATP required Energy in the form of
ATP
Down a Against a
concentration concentration
gradient from high to gradient from High to
low concentration Low Concentration
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Facilitated Some type

Diffusion requires require the use of
the use of Protein protein carrier
Carrier transport transport
molecules molecules
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Examples : Examples :
Osmosis and Endocytosis
Simple Diffusion (Phagocytosis and
Pinocytosis) or Bulk
Uptake, Sodium-
Potassium Pump
Process
 ISOTONIC SOLUTION
• Solutions of equal solution
concentration.
• This only occurs when
solute concentration are
the same on both sides of
the membrane.
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
•Solution with a
lower concentration
of solutes
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
•Solution with a
HIGHER
concentration of
solutes
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
 PLASMOLYSIS
• contraction of the
protoplast of a plant cell as
a result of loss of water
from the cell.
• “CELL SHRINKING”
 CYTOLYSIS
•the dissolution or
disruption of cells,
especially by an external
agent.
•“CELL BURSTING”
DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS
 WHAT IS TURGIDITY?
• The state of being turgid or swollen,
especially due to high fluid content.
• Turgidity is essential in plant cells to make
them keep standing upright. Plant cells that
lose much water have less turgor pressure,
and tend to become flaccid. Further water
loss eventually results in the wilting of the
plant.
Solutions in the Cell
 BULK TRANSPORT
•Refers to the process of
removing and taking in
larger molecules and
particles in the cell.
 BULK TRANSPORT
•Endocytosis
•Exocytosis
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP PROCESS

• The process of moving sodium

and potassium ions across the
cell membrane is an active
transport process involving the
hydrolysis of ATP to provide
the necessary energy.
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP PROCESS
EXOCYTOSIS VS ENDOCYTOSIS
 Endocytosis
•the taking in of matter
by a living cell by
invagination of its
membrane to form a
vacuole.
IMPORTANCE OF ENDOCYTOSIS
• Endocytosis is important for
plasma membrane
homeostasis, modulation of
signal transduction, drug
delivery, pathogen entry, and
nutrient uptake.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
•In phagocytosis, or "cell
eating," the cell engulfs
debris, bacteria, or
other sizable objects.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
•process by which
certain living cells
called phagocytes
ingest or engulf other
cells or particles.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
•Phagocytosis occurs in
specialized cells called
phagocytes, which
include macrophages,
neutrophils, and other
white blood cells.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
• The phagocyte may be a free-living
one-celled organism, such as an
amoeba, or one of the body cells,
such as a white blood cell.
• In some forms of animal life, such
as amoebas and sponges,
phagocytosis is a means of feeding.
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
• In higher animals
phagocytosis is chiefly a
defensive reaction against
infection and invasion of the
body by foreign substances
(antigens).
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN AMOEBA
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
 PINOCYTOSIS
• In pinocytosis, or "cell drinking,"
the cell engulfs extracellular fluid,
including molecules such as sugars
and proteins.
 PINOCYTOSIS
• a process by which liquid droplets
are ingested by living cells.
• the general process by which cells
engulf external substances,
gathering them into special
membrane-bound vesicles
contained within the cell
 PINOCYTOSIS
Ex. : Epithelial cells in capillaries use
pinocytosis to engulf the liquid
portion of blood at the capillary
surface.
• In pinocytosis, rather than an
individual droplet of liquid traveling
passively through the cell
membrane, the droplet first becomes
bound, or adsorbed, on the cell
membrane, which then invaginates
(forms a pocket) and pinches off to
form a vesicle in the cytoplasm.
PINOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
 RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME),
also called clathrin-mediated
endocytosis, is a process by which cells
absorb metabolites, hormones, other
proteins – and in some cases viruses – by
the inward budding of plasma membrane
vesicles containing proteins with
receptor sites specific to the molecules
being absorbed (endocytosis).
RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
 LIGAND
•a molecule that binds
to another (usually
larger) molecule.
RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
 DISCOVERY OF RME
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis was
discovered by Michael Brown and Joseph
Goldstein, who were investigating the
internalization of cholesterol by cells from
the bloodstream.
• Brown and Goldstein won the Nobel Prize in
medicine in 1985 for their discovery.
Cholesterol, a type of lipid , is insoluble and
is transported in the bloodstream bound to
protein in particles called low density
lipoproteins (LDL).
 WHAT MAKES RME DIFFER FROM
OTHER TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS?
• RME allows cells to take up specific
macromolecules called ligands, such as
proteins that bind insulin (a hormone),
transferrin (an iron-binding protein), or
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
carriers.
• RME requires specific membrane
receptors that recognize a particular
ligand and bind to it.
 WHAT MAKES RME DIFFER FROM
OTHER TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS?
• Ligand-receptor complexes migrate along the membrane
surface to structures called coated pits. Just inside the
cytoplasm, these pits are bordered with the protein clathrin,
which can polymerize into a cage-shaped structure. When
such clathrin cages form, they pinch off an enclosed
membrane vesicle.
• Clathrin-coated vesicles move into the cytoplasm, selectively
carrying the ligand from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
Materials bound to the ligand, such as iron or cholesterol,
may be moved into the cell while the empty ligand returns
to the surface, or the ligand may be destroyed .
 Exocytosis
• a process by which the
contents of a cell vacuole are
released to the exterior
through fusion of the vacuole
membrane with the cell
membrane.
IMPORTANCE OF EXOCYTOSIS

• Exocytosis is a vital process that

allows cells to secrete waste
substances, as well as molecules
such as hormones and proteins. It
is also the method used to build
up and incorporate lipids and
proteins into the cell membrane.
 EXOCYTOSIS
• 1. Constitutive exocytosis involves
the regular secretion of molecules
that is performed by all cells. This
pathway serves to deliver membrane
proteins and lipids to the cell's
surface and to expel substances to
the cell's exterior.
 EXOCYTOSIS
• 2. Regulated exocytosis relies on the
presence of extracellular signals for
the expulsion of materials within
vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs
commonly in secretory cells and not
in all cell types.
 EXOCYTOSIS
• 3.Involvement of lysosomes. These
organelles contain acid hydrolase
enzymes that break down waste
materials, microbes, and cellular debris.
• Lysosomes carry their digested material
to the cell membrane where they fuse
with the membrane and release their
contents into the extracellular matrix.
TYPES OF EXOCYTOSIS
REAL LIFE USE OF ENDO-EXO CYTOSIS
• ENDOCYTOSIS –
• Engulfment of a drug molecule
by the cell membrane and
transport into the cell by
pinching off the drug filled
vesicle.
REAL LIFE USE OF ENDO-EXO CYTOSIS
• EXOCYTOSIS – is the reverse
process of endocytosis;
• Vitamin B12 is transported
across the gut wall by
endocytosis