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    Sex Related Characters

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    Rhon Zeus Soledad
    1. There are multiple types of inheritance beyond simple Mendelian inheritance including multiple alleles that determine traits like blood type, incomplete dominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate trait, and codominance where both alleles are expressed. 2. Sex-related inheritance includes sex-limited traits only expressed in one sex, sex-influenced traits more common in one sex, and sex-linked traits on the X chromosome so females have two copies and males one. 3. Other patterns include autosomal recessive where only homozygous recessive individuals are affected, autosomal dominant where heterozygotes are affected, and sex-linked dominant or recessive which are transmitted differently between males and females.

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    Sex Related Characters

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    Rhon Zeus Soledad
    33 views18 pages
    1. There are multiple types of inheritance beyond simple Mendelian inheritance including multiple alleles that determine traits like blood type, incomplete dominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate trait, and codominance where both alleles are expressed. 2. Sex-related inheritance includes sex-limited traits only expressed in one sex, sex-influenced traits more common in one sex, and sex-linked traits on the X chromosome so females have two copies and males one. 3. Other patterns include autosomal recessive where only homozygous recessive individuals are affected, autosomal dominant where heterozygotes are affected, and sex-linked dominant or recessive which are transmitted differently between males and females.

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    1. There are multiple types of inheritance beyond simple Mendelian inheritance including multiple alleles that determine traits like blood type, incomplete dominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate trait, and codominance where both alleles are expressed. 2. Sex-related inheritance includes sex-limited traits only expressed in one sex, sex-influenced traits more common in one sex, and sex-linked traits on the X chromosome so females have two copies and males one. 3. Other patterns include autosomal recessive where only homozygous recessive individuals are affected, autosomal dominant where heterozygotes are affected, and sex-linked dominant or recessive which are transmitted differently between males and females.

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    33 views18 pages

    Sex Related Characters

    Uploaded by

    Rhon Zeus Soledad
    1. There are multiple types of inheritance beyond simple Mendelian inheritance including multiple alleles that determine traits like blood type, incomplete dominance where heterozygotes express an intermediate trait, and codominance where both alleles are expressed. 2. Sex-related inheritance includes sex-limited traits only expressed in one sex, sex-influenced traits more common in one sex, and sex-linked traits on the X chromosome so females have two copies and males one. 3. Other patterns include autosomal recessive where only homozygous recessive individuals are affected, autosomal dominant where heterozygotes are affected, and sex-linked dominant or recessive which are transmitted differently between males and females.

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    EXTENSIONS OF MENDELLIAN INHERITANCE

    1. Multiple alleles – where traits were controlled by more than two alleles,
    The character expression is called a multiple allelic trait.
    Ex: human ABO blood type: type A, B, AB & O

    𝐼 𝐴 - A on the surface of RBC


    𝐼 𝐵 - B on the surface of RBC
    i - whether A or B
    2. Incomplete dominance and codominance – in incomplete
    Dominance, the heterozygous individual does not express any of the
    Two contrasting traits, instead intermediate trait appears. In codominance,
    The two contrasting alleles in heterozygous gene pair are equally expressed

    Ex: incomplete dominance – rosas de alas cuatro (where it produces


    Pink and white flowers

    Codominance – ABO blood type


    𝐼 𝐴 & 𝐼𝐵
    3. Sex-related inheritance

    Males – have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, X and Y


    Females – have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, X and X

    The total chromosome # in each cell of an individual is 46; males 44XY


    And 44XX in females
    SEX-RELATED CHARACTERS
    Sample:
    1. All of us have seen a bald man but very few of us
    have seen a bald woman
    2. Lactation is expressed in women but never in men

    • There are inherited characters whose expressions


    are determined by sex
    Kinds of Sex-related characters:

    1. Sex-limited traits
    2. Sex–influenced traits
    3. Sex-linked traits
    Sex-limited traits – expressed exclusively in one sex
    of the species

    Sample:
    1. In cattle, lactation is expressed in females but never in
    males. Both male & female cattle possess a gene pair for
    lactation.
    MALE CATTLE
    FEMALE CATTLE
    Table: Expression of lactation in cattle
    FEMALE GENOTYPES FEMALE PHENOTYPES
    XLXL Female lactating
    XLXl Female lactating
    XlXl Female not lactating
    MALE GENOTYPES MALE PHENOTYPES
    XLY Male not lactating
    XLY Male not lactating

    XlY Male not lactating

    • In male cattle, it does not matter if they possess 1 or 2 genes for lactation.
    They never produce milk.
    Sex-influenced traits – expressed in both sexes but
    more frequently in one than in the other sex

    Sample:
    1. Baldness may be expressed in females but
    it occurs more frequently in males
    Table: Expression of pattern baldness in human

    MALE GENOTYPES MALE PHENOTYPES


    XBY male bald
    XBY male bald
    XbY male nonbald
    FEMALE GENOTYPES FEMALE PHENOTYPES
    XBXB Female bald
    XBXb Female nonbald

    XbXb Female nonbald

    • In heterozygous gene pair, males express baldness while females do not


    Sex-linked traits – traits are controlled by genes located on
    the sex chromosomes; if the sex-linked trait is controlled by
    a gene on the X chromosome, it is called X-linked, since
    females have 2 X chromosomes, they possess 2 genes. Males,
    possess only 1 X chromosome hence they have only 1 gene
    controlling the expression of trait.

    Sample:
    1. Through pedigree analysis of Queen Victoria’s descendants,
    It was proven that hemophilia is an X-linked trait passed on
    from heterozygous or carrier mothers to their sons
    Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
    Affected children are produced by affected parents. Affected children may
    also be produced from unaffected parents if they are heterozygous for the
    hereditary character. Hereditary characters are not always manifested in
    every generation. Both males and females are affected with equal frequency
    Ex. Cystic fibrosis
    carrier mother carrier father
    Autosomal
    Recessive
    Inheritance
    meiosis
    and gamete
    formation

    affected child
    carrier child
    normal child
    disorder-causing allele
    Stepped Art
    (recessive) Fig. 14.5a, p. 207
    Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
    Affected male marrying an unaffected female produce 50% heterozygous
    offspring. The hereditary character is always manifested in every generation
    due to an autosomal dominant gene Heterozygotes are affected.. Both males
    and females are affected with equal frequency.
    Ex. Brachydactyly
    normal mother affected father
    Autosomal Dominant
    Inheritance

    meiosis
    and gamete
    formation

    affected child
    normal child
    disorder-causing allele
    Stepped Art
    (dominant) Fig. 14.3, p. 206
    Sex –linked Dominant Inheritance
    The hereditary character is always manifested in all generations. Affected
    male marrying an unaffected female transmits the hereditary character to all
    his daughters but not to his sons.

    Sex-linked Recessive Inheritance


    The male children in the family are more inclined to have it than the
    female children. An affected son can have parents who have the normal
    phenotype. For a daughter to be affected, must have a father who has it. Her
    mother must have it or be a carrier. The characteristics often skips a
    generation from the grandfather to the grandson. If a mother has the
    characteristic, all her male children will have it.
    Ex. Color blindness

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