SUKKUR IBA UNIVERSITY

MERIT – QUALITY – EXCELLENCE

Course: Signals and Systems

Dr. Abdul Aziz Memon

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Email: [email protected]
Timeline for paper presentation and project demonstration
Paper (Timeline) Matlab Based Project (Timeline)
20 pages min: (Either 1/2/3 Journal papers) Better than final year projects
10 sessional marks theory 10 sessional marks lab
Must follow assigned year and IEEE Journal paper Must search on Mathworks website
Paper title check and approved by me Rough idea about project title
14~16 January 2019 14~16 January 2019 (Meet me with project idea)
Presentation 10 pages (1st paper or half paper) Register project title (Get approved then google form)
28 Jan~ 1 Feb 2019 28 Jan~ 1 Feb 2019
(Must get appointment 1 week before) Keep sharing project progress every week (Important)
Presentation 10 pages (2nd paper or rest of half paper) 1st Project demo
4~8 March 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week 4~8 March 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week
before) before)
Presentation 10 pages (3rd paper or Full paper) Final Project demo
8~13 April 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week before) 8~13 April 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week before)
Repeat if required Improve if required

Slide # 2
Contents covered
• Time invariant
• Time shift in input signal, only shifts output signal
• Linear system
• Follows property of superposition
• y3=y1+y2
• Signals in the form of impulses
• Impulse response is denoted by h(t), h[n] 

• Convolution sum y[n]  x[n]* h[n]   x[k ]h[n  k ]  y[n]

k 


• Convolution integral y (t )  x (t )* h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

 Slide # 3
Fourier series
• Now we will represent periodic signals as a sum of complex
exponential signals.
 1 jwt 1  jwt
cos( wt )  e  e
x(t )   ak e jkwt
2 2
k 
1 jwt 1  jwt
• Simple examples sin( wt )  e  e
2j 2j
 1
cos( wt )   ak e jkwt   ak e jwt  a1e jwt  a0e j 0 wt  a1e  jwt
k  k 1

1 jwt 1  jwt 1 jwt 1  jwt Cosine signal in

 e 0 e  e  e 1/2 1/2
Frequency domain
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2 using complex exp:

1
a1  a2  ,otherwise 0 -1 k -w w
w
2 1 Slide # 4
From F.S. coefficients to time domain signal
1

1/2 1/2

-2 0 2 k

 j 2 wt 1 j 2 wt 1  j 2 wt
x(t )  a0 e j 0 wt
 a2 e j 2 wt
 a 2e 1 e  e  1  cos(2wt )
2 2
a0 is average/mean/DC value of signal

Slide # 5
Fourier series
• Fourier series is the representation of periodic signals into
weighted sum of sinusoidal or complex exponential signals.
• Advantages:
• Performing operations on sinusoidal or exponential signals is very
easy.
• Fourier representation can identify various frequency components
into signal.
• For some system, if it’s complex exponential signal response is
known then output of system for any input signal (represented in F.S.
form) can be found easily.

• Fourier series is used for CT and DT periodic signals. Slide # 6

Fourier series
• Terms with a1 and a1 have fundamental frequency
• Signals with higher frequencies (multiple of fundamental
frequency) are known as harmonics
• Term a0 does not have any frequency component

• In general, terms:
• ak are known as F.S. complex coefficients
• F.S. coefficients can also be only real or only imaginary

Slide # 7
Response of system due to exponential input signal
x(t )  e jwt • Now for multiple exponential
input signals, there are
• x(t) as an input multiple output signals
  
y (t )   x( )h(t   )d   h( ) x(t   )d x(t )   ak e jkwt

  k 
  
 h( ) e  h( ) e y (t )   ak H ( jkw)e jkwt
jw( t   ) jw( t   )
y (t )  d  d
  k 

y (t )  e jwt  h( ) e jw d  H ( jw) e jwt


• Since it is system response due to complex

exponential signal with frequency, therefore
H(jw) is known as frequency response.
Slide # 8
Example to find H(jw) and then output of system (method 01)
y (t )  x(t  2) system
h(t )   (t  2) impulse response
 

H ( jw)   h( ) e d    (  2) e d
  jw  jw
Frequency response
 

H ( jw)   (2  2) e  jw2
e  jw2

 3
j t j t
x(t )  2 e 4
e 4
for different exponential input signal, output will be
 3
 j t 3 j t
y (t )  H ( jw) e jwt
 2H ( j )e 4
 H ( j )e 4
4 4
  3 3   3  3
j j t j t j t j ( t ) j( t )
y (t )  2e 2
e 4
e 2
e 4
 2e 4 2
e 4 2
Slide # 9
Example to find H(jw) and then output of system (method 02)
• y (t )  x(t  2) system
 3
• j t j t input
x(t )  2 e 4
e 4
•
 3
j ( t  2) ( t  2)
• y (t )  2 e 4
e
j
4 output

• 3rd Method is convolution (Do it yourself)

• Output will be same
• Keep h(t) first (integration will be solved easily)

Slide # 10
Slide # 11
Slide # 12
Slide # 13
Determining Fourier series coefficients
• Multiply both sides with exponential signal

• Interchanging order of summation and integration

Slide # 14
Determining Fourier series coefficients

Slide # 15
Determining Fourier series coefficients

a0 is average/mean/DC value of signal

Slide # 16
Find F.S coefficients, their magnitude and phase

Slide # 17
• Magnitude
• Square root of (real part square + imaginary part square)

Slide # 18
• Phase
• Tangent inverse (value of imaginary part/value of real part)

Note: Plots of the amplitudes and phases of the F.S. coefficients (harmonics)
versus frequencies (k) are considered as frequency spectrum.
Individually for amplitude and phase, it can be called as amplitude and phase
spectrum respectively. Slide # 19
Find and plot coefficients for T=4T1, T=8T1, T=16T1
• Signal is periodic and will keep repeating same as x(t)

Slide # 20
Slide # 21
• Infinite frequency components
Slide # 22
• (a) T=4T1

• (b) T=8T1

• (c) T=16T1

• If T is same, pulse duration is decreasing

• Frequency components are increasing, and amplitude of such
components is decreasing Slide # 23
H.W: Important: Find out Fourier series coefficients and
spectra of half wave rectifier.
• Revise and remember integration formulas for various
functions.
• Specially formulas obtained for functions using integration by
parts.

Slide # 24