Example

Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,

use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start
and stop the timer.
Solution:
timer 1 timer 0

TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.

Timer 0, mode 2,
C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer)
gate = 0 to use internal (software)
start and stop method.
Timer modes
 TCON Register (1/2)
• Timer control register: TCON
– Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts
• TR (run control bit)
– TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1.
– TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.
• TR=0: off (stop)
• TR=1: on (start)
 TCON Register (2/2)
• TF (timer flag, control flag)
– TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1.
– TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from
FFFFH, the TF is set to 1.
• TF=0 : not reach
• TF=1: reach
• If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.
 Equivalent Instructions for the Timer Control Register
For timer 0
SETB TR0 = SETB TCON.4
CLR TR0 = CLR TCON.4

SETB TF0 = SETB TCON.5

CLR TF0 = CLR TCON.5
For timer 1
SETB TR1 = SETB TCON.6
CLR TR1 = CLR TCON.6

SETB TF1 = SETB TCON.7

CLR TF1 = CLR TCON.7
TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
 Timer Mode 1
• In following, we all use timer 0 as an example.

• 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0)

• TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set to 1. And the 8051 stops to
increment TH0-TL0 when TR0 is cleared.

• The timer works with the internal system clock. In other words, the timer counts up
each machine cycle.

• When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and
TF0 is raised.

• Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0.

 Steps of Mode 1 (1/3)
1. Choose mode 1 timer 0
– MOV TMOD,#01H
2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.
– MOV TH0,#FFH
– MOV TL0,#FCH
3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0.
– CLR TF0
4. Start the timer.
– SETB TR0
 Steps of Mode 1 (2/3)
5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-TL0.
– TH0-TL0= FFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H
TR0=1 TH0 TL0 TR0=0
Start timer
Stop timer

FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 0000

TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 1
TF = 0 TF = 0
TF Monitor TF until TF=1
 Steps of Mode 1 (3/3)
6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the 8051
set TF0=1.
TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)
7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised.
AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
CLR TR0
9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.
CLR TF0
 Mode 1 Programming
XTAL
oscillator ÷ 12
C/T = 0 Timer
overflow
flag
TH TL TF

TR
TF goes high when FFFF 0
 Timer Delay Calculation for XTAL =
11.0592 MHz
(a) in hex
• (FFFF – YYXX + 1) × 1.085 s
• where YYXX are TH, TL initial values respectively.
• Notice that values YYXX are in hex.

(b) in decimal
• Convert YYXX values of the TH, TL register to decimal to
get a NNNNN decimal number
• then (65536 – NNNNN) × 1.085 s
 Example
• square wave of 50% duty on P1.5
• Timer 0 is used

;each loop is a half clock

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit)
HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;Timer value = FFF2H
MOV TH0,#0FFH P1.5
CPL P1.5
ACALL DELAY 50% 50%
SJMP HERE whole clock
 Example
;generate delay using timer 0
DELAY:
SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
RET
FFF2 FFF3 FFF4 FFFF 0000

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 1

 Example
• This program generates a square wave on pin P1.5 Using timer 1
• Find the frequency.(dont include the overhead of instruction delay)
• XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN:MOV TL1,#34H ;timer value=3476H
MOV TH1,#76H
SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P1.5 ;next half clock
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer1
 Example
Solution:
FFFFH – 7634H + 1 = 89CCH = 35276 clock count
Half period = 35276 × 1.085 s = 38.274 ms
Whole period = 2 × 38.274 ms = 76.548 ms
Frequency = 1/ 76.548 ms = 13.064 Hz.
Note
Mode 1 is not auto reload then the program must reload the TH1, TL1 register
every timer overflow if we want to have a continuous wave.
 Find Timer Values
• Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz .
• And we know desired delay
• how to find the values for the TH,TL ?
1. Divide the delay by 1.085 s and get n.
2. Perform 65536 –n
3. Convert the result of Step 2 to hex (yyxx )
4. Set TH = yy and TL = xx.
 Example
• Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz,
• write a program to generate a square wave of 50 Hz frequency on pin
P2.3.

Solution:
1. The period of the square wave = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms.
2. The high or low portion of the square wave = 10 ms.
3. 10 ms / 1.085 s = 9216
4. 65536 – 9216 = 56320 in decimal = DC00H in hex.
5. TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.
 Example
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;Timer value = DC00H
MOV TH1,#0DCH
SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P2.3
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer since
;mode 1 is not
;auto-reload
 Timer Mode 0
• Mode 0 is exactly like mode 1 except that it is a 13-bit
timer instead of 16-bit.
– 8-bit TH0
– 5-bit TL0
• The counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF in
TH0-TL0.
– 213-1= 2000H-1=1FFFH
• We set the initial values TH0-TL0 to count up.
• When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFFH, it rolls
over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
 Timer Mode 2
• 8-bit timer.
– It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0.

• Auto-reloading
• TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0=1.
 Steps of Mode 2
1. Chose mode 2 timer 0
MOV TMOD,#02H
2. Set the original value to TH0.
MOV TH0,#38H
3. Clear the flag to TF0=0.
CLR TF0
4. After TH0 is loaded with the 8-bit value, the 8051 gives a copy of it
to TL0.
TL0=TH0=38H
5. Start the timer.
SETB TR0
 Steps of Mode 2
6. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TL0.
– TL0= 38H, 39H, 3AH,....
7. When TL0 rolls over from FFH to 00, the 8051 set TF0=1. Also, TL0
is reloaded automatically with the value kept by the TH0.
– TL0= FEH, FFH, 00H (Now TF0=1)
– The 8051 auto reload TL0=TH0=38H.
– Clr TF0
– Go to Step 6 (i.e., TL0 is incrementing continuously).
• Note that we must clear TF0 when TL0 rolls over. Thus, we can
monitor TF0 in next process.
• Clear TR0 to stop the process.
– Clr TR0
Timer 1 Mode 2 with internal Input

XTAL
oscillator ÷ 12
C/T = 0

TL1 TF1 overflow flag

reload
TR1 TH1
TF goes high when FF 0
 Counter
• These timers can also be used as counters
counting events happening outside the 8051.
• When the timer is used as a counter, it is a pulse
outside of the 8051 that increments the TH, TL.
• When C/T=1, the counter counts up as pulses are
fed from
– T0: timer 0 input (Pin 14, P3.4)
– T1: timer 1 input (Pin 15, P3.5)
 Port 3 Pins Used For Timers 0 and 1
Pin Port Pin Function Description
14 P3.4 T0 Timer/Counter 0 external input
15 P3.5 T1 Timer/Counter 1 external input

(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T=1 M1 M0 GATE C/T=1 M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
Timer/Counter selection
 Counter Mode 1
• 16-bit counter (TH0 and TL0)
• TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an external pulse
(in T0) occurs.
• When the counter (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls
over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
• Programmers should monitor TF0 continuously and stop the
counter 0.
• Programmers can set the initial value of TH0-TL0 and let TF0=1 as an
indicator to show a special condition. (ex: 100 people have come).
 Timer 0 with External Input
(Mode 1)
overflow
Timer 0 flag
external TH0 TL0 TF0
input Pin
3.4
TF0 goes high when
C/T = 1 FFFF 0
TR0
 Counter Mode 2
• 8-bit counter.
– It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into
TH0.
• Auto-reloading
• TL0 is incremented if TR0=1 and external pulse
occurs.
 Example
Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program for
counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state of the
TL 1 count on P2.
MOV TMOD,#01100000B ;mode 2, counter 1
MOV TH1,#0
SETB P3.5 ;make T1 input port
AGAIN:SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: MOV A,TL1
MOV P2,A ;display in P2
JNB TF1,Back ;overflow
CLR TR1 ;stop
CLR TF1 ;make TF=0
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it
 Example
• Timer 1 as an event counter fed into pin3.5.
• “SETB P3.5” make P3.5 an input port by making it high

8051

P2 is connected to 8 LEDs
P2 to
and input T1 to pulse.
LEDs
P3.5
T1
 Example
Assume that a 1-Hz frequency pulse is connected to input pin 3.4.
Write a program to display counter 0 on an LCD. Set the initial
value of TH0 to -60.
Solution:
Note that on the first round, it starts from 0 and counts 256 events, since on
RESET, TL0=0. To solve this problem, load TH0 with -60 at the beginning of
the program. 8051
P1 to
LCD
P3.4
1 Hz clock T0
 Example
ACALL LCD_SET_UP ;initialize the LCD
MOV TMOD,#00000110B ;Counter 0,mode2
MOV TH0,#-60
SETB P3.4 ;make T0 as input
AGAIN:SETB TR0 ;starts the counter
BACK: MOV A,TL0 ;every 60 events
ACALL CONV ;convert in R2,R3,R4
ACALL DISPLY ;display on LCD
JNB TF0,BACK ;loop if TF0=0
CLR TR0 ;stop
CLR TF0
SJMP AGAIN
 GATE=1 in TMOD
• All discuss so far has assumed that GATE=0.
– The timer is stared with instructions “SETB TR0” and
“SETB TR1” for timers 0 and 1, respectively.
• If GATE=1, we can use hardware to control the start and
stop of the timers.
– INT0 (P3.2, pin 12) starts and stops timer 0
– INT1 (P3.3, pin 13) starts and stops timer 1
– This allows us to start or stop the timer externally at any
time via a simple switch.
 GATE (external control)
• Timer 0 must be turned on by “SETB TR0”
• If GATE=1 count up if
– INT0 input is high
– TR0=1
• If GATE=0 count up if
– TR0=1
Timer Special Function Resgister
 … Interrupts
mov a, #2
mov b, #16
mul ab
mov R0, a
mov R1, b
Program Execution

mov a, #12 interrupt

mov b, #20
mul ab
ISR: inc r7
add a, R0 mov a,r7
mov R0, a jnz NEXT
mov a, R1 cpl P1.6
addc a, b
mov R1, a
NEXT: reti
return
end
 Interrupt Sources
• Original 8051 has 5 sources of interrupts
– Timer 0 overflow
– Timer 1 overflow
– External Interrupt 0
– External Interrupt 1
– Serial Port events (buffer full, buffer empty, etc)

• Enhanced version has 22 sources

– More timers, programmable counter array, ADC, more external
interrupts, another serial port (UART)
 Interrupt Process
If interrupt event occurs AND interrupt flag for that event is
enabled, AND interrupts are enabled, then:
1. Current PC is pushed on stack.
2. Program execution continues at the interrupt vector
address for that interrupt.
3. When a RETI instruction is encountered, the PC is popped
from the stack and program execution resumes where it left
off.
 Interrupt Priorities
• What if two interrupt sources interrupt at the
same time?
• The interrupt with the highest PRIORITY gets
serviced first.
• All interrupts have a default priority order.
• Priority can also be set to “high” or “low”.
Interrupt SFR – Interrupt Enable
 TCON Register

IE1: Set by CPU when H-L transition detected on external interrupt 1. Cleared when
processed.
IT1: Interrupt 1 type control. Set/cleared by software to specify falling edge/low-level
triggered.
Similarly IE0 and IT0.

42
 Interrupt Priorities
• Default priority: INT0 > TF0 > INT1 > TF1 > RI + TI
• To alter priority set IP register
-- -- PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0

• PT2: Priority of timer 2 interrupt

• PS: Priority for serial port interrupt, and so on.
• “MOV IP, #00000100B” sets INT1 to have the highest priority
• “MOV IP, #00001100B” sets priorities as INT1 > TF1 > INT0 >
TF0 > RI + TI

43
 Interrupt Vectors
Each interrupt has a specific place in code memory where program
execution (interrupt service routine) begins.
Reset: 0000h
External Interrupt 0: 0003h
Timer 0 overflow: 000Bh
External Interrupt 1: 0013h Note: that there are
Timer 1 overflow: 001Bh only 8 memory
Serial : 0023h locations between
Timer 2 overflow(8052+) 002bh vectors.
 Interrupt Vectors
To avoid overlapping Interrupt Service routines, it is common to put
JUMP instructions at the vector address. This is similar to the reset
vector.
org 000B ; at EX7 vector
ljmp EX7ISR
org 0x100 ; at Main program
Main: ... ; Main program
...
EX7ISR: ... ; Interrupt service routine
... ; Can go after main program
reti ; and subroutines.
 Example Interrupt Service Routine
Pin 3.3 (INT1) is connected to a pulse generator. Write a program in which
the falling edge of the pulse will send a high to P1.3, connected to a
LED.
org 0000h
ljmp main
; ISR for hardware interrupt INT1
org 0013h
setb p1.3
mov r3, #255
back: djnz r3, back
clr P1.3
reti
; Main program for initialization
org 30h
main: setb tcon.2 ; make INT1 edge triggered
mov ie, #10000100B ; enable int1
here: sjmp here
 Serial
Communication
Basics of serial communication
 Start and stop bits
When there is no transfer the signal is high
Transmission begins with a start (low) bit
LSB first
Finally 1 stop bit (high)
Data transfer rate (baud rate) is stated in bps
bps: bit per second
 RxD and TxD pins in the 8051
• TxD pin 11 of the 8051 (P3.1)
• RxD pin 10 of the 8051 (P3.0)
SBUF register
MOV SBUF,#’D’ ;load SBUF=44H, ASCII for ‘D’
MOV SBUF,A ;copy accumulator into SBUF
MOV A,SBUF ;copy SBUF into accumulator
MAX232
Serial port block diagram
 Serial control (SCON) Register
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
SM0 (SCON.7) : mode specifier
SM1 (SCON.6) : mode specifier
SM2 (SCON.5) : used for multi processor communication
REN (SCON.4) : receive enable (by software enable/disable)
TB8 (SCON.3) : transmit bit8
RB8 (SCON.2) : receive bit 8
TI (SCON.1) : transmit interrupt flag set by HW clear by SW
RI (SCON.0) : receive interrupt flag set by HW clear by SW
 Mode of operation
SM0 SM1 MODE operation transmit rate
0 0 0 shift register fixed (xtal/12)
0 1 1 8 bit UART variable (timer1)
1 0 2 9 bit UART fixed (xtal/32 or xtal/64)
1 1 3 9 bit UART variable (timer1)
 Mode of operation
• Mode 0 :
– Serial data enters and exits through RxD
– TxD outputs the shift clock.
– 8 bits are transmitted/received(LSB first)
– The baud rate is fixed a 1/12 the oscillator frequency.

• Application
– Port expansion 8051
TXD clk Shift register
RXD data
 Mode of operation
• Mode 1
– Ten bits are transmitted (through TxD) or received (through RxD)
– A start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (1)
– On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in SCON
– the baud rate is determined by the Timer 1 overflow rate.
– Timer1 clock is 1/32 machine cycle (MC=1/12 XTAL)
– Timer clock can be programmed as 1/16 of machine cycle
– Transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register.
Mode of operation
 Mode of operation
• Mode 2 :
– Eleven bits are transmitted (through TxD), received (through RxD)
• A start bit (0)
• 8 data bits (LSB first)
• A programmable 9th data bit
• and a stop bit (1)
– On transmit, the 9th bit (TB8) can be assigned 0 or 1.
– On receive, the 9the data bit goes into RB8 in SCON.
– the 9th can be parity bit
– The baud rate is programmable to 1/32 or 1/64 the oscillator frequency in Mode 2 by SMOD bit in PCON registe

• Mode 3
– Same as mode 2
– But may have a variable baud rate generated from Timer 1.
 What is SMOD
 Bit 7 of PCON register
 If SMOD=1 double baud rate
 PCON is not bit addressable
 How to set SMOD
Mov a, pcon
Setb acc.7
Mov pcon,a
Power control register(PCON)
 Power control
• A standard for applications where power
consumption is critical
• two power reducing modes
– Idle
– Power down
 Idle mode
• An instruction that sets PCON.0 causes Idle mode
– Last instruction executed before going into the Idle mode
– the internal CPU clock is gated off
– Interrupt, Timer, and Serial Port functions act normally.
– All of registers , ports and internal RAM maintain their data during Idle
– ALE and PSEN hold at logic high levels
• Any interrupt
– will cause PCON.0 to be cleared by HW (terminate Idle mode)
– then execute ISR
– with RETI return and execute next instruction after Idle instruction.
• RST signal clears the IDL bit directly
 Power-Down Mode
• An instruction that sets PCON.1 causes power dowm mode
• Last instruction executed before going into the power down
mode
• the on-chip oscillator is stopped.
• all functions are stopped,the contents of the on-chip RAM and
Special Function Registers are maintained.
• The ALE and PSEN output are held low
• The reset that terminates Power Down
 Power control example
Org 0000h
Ljmp main
Org 0003h
Orl pcon,#02h ;power down mode
Reti
Org 0030h
Main:
……
……
……
Orl pcon,#01h ;Idle mode
end
8051 Programming Examples

Santanu Chattopadhyay
Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering

66
 Example
Assume 10 bytes of data are stored from RAM
location 50H. Compute the average of these
numbers and store the result at memory
location 40H.
For the code fragment, compute the size and
the time needed assuming 11.0582MHz
crystal
67
 Example
Assume 10 bytes of data are stored from
location 3000H in the external memory. Sort
them in ascending order.

68