No 2 PPT The Earthquake

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dJpIU1rSOFY
What Is An Earthquake?
The consequences of moving
crustal plates is the
earthquake.
Earthquake
•Seismology is the •A seismologist is
study of a scientist who
earthquakes and
seismic waves that studies
move through and earthquakes and
around the earth. seismic waves.
Seismograph.
•A device used to
record
earthquake
waves.
• seismograph
• a measuring instrument
for detecting and
measuring the intensity
and direction and
duration of movements
of the ground (as an
earthquake)
Seismogram
•A record
made by a
seismograph.
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=Gbd1FcuLJL
Q
How a Seismograph Works

What Are Seismic Waves?
•Seismic waves are the waves of energy

caused by the sudden breaking of rock
within the earth or an explosion.
•They are the energy that travels
through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs.
Types of Seismic Waves
• There are several different kinds of seismic waves,
and they all move in different ways.
• The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves.
• Body waves can travel through the earth's inner
layers,
• surface waves can only move along the surface of
the planet like ripples on water.
• Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body
and surface waves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYnJr1fIB4
Types of seismic waves
BODY WAVES
Traveling through the interior of the earth,

body waves arrive before the surface
waves emitted by an earthquake.
These waves are of a higher frequency
than surface waves.
KINDS OF BODY WAVES
• P WAVES •S WAVES
* Primary
waves *SECONDARY
•Compressional WAVES
waves
P WAVES
•This is the fastest kind of seismic
wave,
•the first to 'arrive' at a seismic
station.
• The P wave can move through solid rock
and fluids, like water or the liquid layers
of the earth.
It pushes and pulls the rock it moves
through just like sound waves push and
pull the air
Sometimes animals can hear the P waves of an
earthquake.
Dogs, for instance, commonly begin barking
hysterically just before an earthquake 'hits' (or more
specifically, before the surface waves arrive). Usually
people can only feel the bump and rattle of these
waves.
P waves are also known as compressional
waves, because of the pushing and pulling
they do. Subjected to a P wave, particles
move in the same direction that the wave is
moving in, which is the direction that the
energy is traveling in, and is sometimes
called the 'direction of wave propagation'.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rYjlVPU9U4
Propagation of Seismic Waves: P-waves

S WAVES
The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary

wave, which is the second wave you feel in an earthquake.
An S wave is slower than a P wave
It can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid
medium.
It is this property of S waves that led seismologists to
conclude that the Earth's outer core is a liquid.
S waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side--
perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling in
(the direction of wave propagation).
Propagation of Seismic Waves: P-waves
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=2rYjlVPU9U4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en4HptC0mQ4
Propagation of Seismic Waves: S-waves
SURFACE WAVES
Travelling only through the crust,
They are of a lower frequency than body waves
They are easily distinguished on a seismogram as a
result.
Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface
waves that are almost entirely responsible for the
damage and destruction associated with earthquakes.
This damage and the strength of the surface waves
are reduced in deeper earthquakes.
SURFACE WAVES
• LOVE WAVES •RAYLEIGH WAVES
• named after A.E.H. named for John
Love, a British William Strutt, Lord
mathematician who Rayleigh who
worked out the mathematically
mathematical model predicted the
for this kind of wave in existence of this kind
1911 of wave in 1885.
LOVE WAVES
The first kind of surface wave is called
a Love wave,
It's the fastest surface wave
It moves the ground from side-to-side.
Confined to the surface of the crust,
Love waves produce entirely horizontal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7wJu0Kts7w
Propagation of Seismic Waves: Love waves
RAYLEIGH WAVES
A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just
like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.
Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and
down, and side-to-side in the same direction
that the wave is moving.
Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is
due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much
larger than the other waves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yXgfYHAS7c
Propagation of Seismic Waves: Rayleigh waves
•Epicenter-The point
on the Earth's
surface located
directly above
the focus of an
earthquake.
• Focus-The
location where
the earthquake
begins.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WZoX0Cs6-o
Difference between Focus and Epicentre -
Focus vs Epicentre
Primary (P-waves), Secondary (S-waves),
and Long surface waves (L-waves).
The first two travel into the Earth’s
interior while the last one on the
surface.
These waves travel at different velocities;
thus, do not arrive at a seismic recording
station at the same time.
The farther the recording instrument is from
the focus, the greater the difference in arrival
times of the first P-wave compared to the
first S-wave.
The difference in the arrival time will tell us
the distance of the earthquake’s focus from
the seismic recording station. However, it
does not tell in which direction it came from.
If we have at least three recording
stations that can tell how far away from
them the earthquake occurred, the
epicenter can be determined using the
triangulation method. It uses distance
information from three seismic stations
to locate the earthquake epicenter
The three circles will intersect at one
point that locates the earthquake.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eFS4WhsrHA
Determining the Epicenter Distance of an Earthquake
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=694yaY2ylTg
How to locate an epicenter triangulation method

https://www.yHow to locate an epicenter
outube.com/watch?v=694yaY2ylTg

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No 2 PPT The Earthquake

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?

How a Seismograph Works

•Seismic waves are the waves of energy

Traveling through the interior of the earth,

Propagation of Seismic Waves: P-waves

The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary

Determining the Epicenter Distance of an Earthquake

How to locate an epicenter triangulation method

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