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    Workshop 6 - Anionic Polyacrylamide

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    prakash
    Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used soil conditioners. It can be used to improve soil properties like water retention, reduce erosion, and increase infiltration. Polyacrylamide is non-toxic, inexpensive, and relatively stable. It works by adhering to soil particles, which helps reduce runoff and nutrient losses. Polyacrylamide can be applied through furrow irrigation or sprinkler systems. The document also discusses other types of soil conditioning polymers and hydrogels.

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    Workshop 6 - Anionic Polyacrylamide

    Uploaded by

    prakash
    18 views13 pages
    Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used soil conditioners. It can be used to improve soil properties like water retention, reduce erosion, and increase infiltration. Polyacrylamide is non-toxic, inexpensive, and relatively stable. It works by adhering to soil particles, which helps reduce runoff and nutrient losses. Polyacrylamide can be applied through furrow irrigation or sprinkler systems. The document also discusses other types of soil conditioning polymers and hydrogels.

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    Anionic Polyacrylamide

    Original Title

    Workshop 6_Anionic Polyacrylamide (1)

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    Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used soil conditioners. It can be used to improve soil properties like water retention, reduce erosion, and increase infiltration. Polyacrylamide is non-toxic, inexpensive, and relatively stable. It works by adhering to soil particles, which helps reduce runoff and nutrient losses. Polyacrylamide can be applied through furrow irrigation or sprinkler systems. The document also discusses other types of soil conditioning polymers and hydrogels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    18 views13 pages

    Workshop 6 - Anionic Polyacrylamide

    Uploaded by

    prakash
    Polyacrylamide is one of the most widely used soil conditioners. It can be used to improve soil properties like water retention, reduce erosion, and increase infiltration. Polyacrylamide is non-toxic, inexpensive, and relatively stable. It works by adhering to soil particles, which helps reduce runoff and nutrient losses. Polyacrylamide can be applied through furrow irrigation or sprinkler systems. The document also discusses other types of soil conditioning polymers and hydrogels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Anionic polyacrylamides – soil conditioners

    Jozef Kollár
    Polymeric soil conditioners, were known since the 1950s.
    These polymers were developed to improve the physical properties of soil in view of:
     increasing their water holding capacity
     increasing water use efficiency
     enhancing soil permeability and infiltration rates
     reducing irrigation frequency
     stopping erosion and water runoff
     reduce fertilizer and pesticides losses
    Wide commercial application failed even though the scientific basis for
    their use was quite well established.
    Reasons:
     most of the studies with polymers were performed in the laboratory
    without consideration for the economics at the production level in large
    scale agriculture
     complexity of application and poor distribution in the soil
    The most commonly used water-soluble synthetic soil-conditioning polymers
    included:

    O * * *
    n * n * n
    * n * *
    OH COOR CONH2

    poly(ethylene glycol) poly(vinyl alcohol) polyacrylates polyacrylamide

    * n m * * *
    n
    CO2CH3 O O O
    O O
    O
    poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) poly(isobutylene maleic anhydride)
    Gel forming polymers

    Gel forming polymers or insoluble water absorbing polymers were first


    introduced for agricultural use in the early 1980’s. These polymers do not
    possess linear chain structures as described previously but the chains are rather
    crosslinked to form a three dimensional network.

    Advantages
     Great water absorbing properties
     Amount of crosslinker influenced a mechanical properties of hydrogels
     Reduce water stress of plants
     Hydrogels are also claimed to reduce fertilizer leaching
    Polyacrylamide (PAM) is one of the most widely employed soil conditioner

    Advantages
    *
     Low toxicity * n

     Safe H2N O

     Inexpensive PAM
     Relatively stable

    More recently, polyelectrolytes such as acrylamide/acrylate copolymers have


    attracted much attention as they have been shown to be most effective in
    improving the properties of soils.

    *
    * n m

    H2N O O O
    poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)
    PAM as soil conditioner

     Reduce surface sealing

     Increase seedling emergence

     Reduce runoff and erosion

     Reduce fertilizer and pesticides losses

    The adsorption of PAM to soil particles depends


    on both the polymer and the soil properties.
    PAM differ with respect to molecular weight,
    charge density and charge type.
    Principle of adhering PAM
    molecule to soil particles
    Polyacrylamide Types

    Granular

    Emulsion

    Solid
    PAM can be used in furrow or sprinkler irrigation

    furrow irrigation sprinkler irrigation


    PAM in furrow and sprinkler irrigation

     Reduces soil loss

     Prevent the loss of nutrients

     Increase infiltration
    PAM treated furrow Untreated furrow
     Improvement of aggregate stability following irrigation following irrigation

     Increase quality of soil as well as water


    Synthesis of poly(acrylamide-co-tulipalin) hydrogels with crosslinker BIS

    α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone also known as Tulipalin A, is present in


    white tulips and is identified as a substance with fungitoxic activity.

    OH

    OH
    O O NH2
    *
    + * n m

    O O Na+ O
    +
    H2N O O O Na
    Swelling capacity in water

    dry hydrogel swollen hydogel


    Swelling capacity in water
    400

    350

    300
    Degree of swelling

    AM/TUL 80/20 1%
    250
    AM/TUL 80/20 1.5%
    AM/TUL 60/40 1%
    200 AM/TUL 60/40 1.5%
    AM/TUL 40/60 1%
    150 AM/TUL 40/60 1.5%

    100

    50

    0
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Time [min]
    Rheology of hydrogels
    Rheology is study of deformation and flow of material

    prediction of viscoelastic properties of polymers.


    1.00E+05
    Elastic modulus (Pa)

    AM/TUL 80/20
    1.00E+04
    1%
    AM/TUL 80/20
    1.5%
    AM/TUL 40/60
    1%
    AM/TUL 40/60
    1.5%

    1.00E+03
    0.1 1 10 100 1000

    angular frequency (rad/s)

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