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    Preparation of Soap

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    19 Vasanth Purushothaman
    Ishan Bhatnagar of Delhi Public School completed an investigatory project on soap making for the 2013-2014 academic year. The project involved making soap using the cold process method. Ishan followed the basic steps of mixing vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium carbonate. The mixture was stirred thoroughly to form a paste, which was then cast into a desired shape. Ishan's teacher certified that he satisfactorily completed the project on soap preparation.

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    Preparation of Soap

    Uploaded by

    19 Vasanth Purushothaman
    83 views20 pages
    Ishan Bhatnagar of Delhi Public School completed an investigatory project on soap making for the 2013-2014 academic year. The project involved making soap using the cold process method. Ishan followed the basic steps of mixing vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium carbonate. The mixture was stirred thoroughly to form a paste, which was then cast into a desired shape. Ishan's teacher certified that he satisfactorily completed the project on soap preparation.

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    184393179-Preparation-of-Soap

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    Ishan Bhatnagar of Delhi Public School completed an investigatory project on soap making for the 2013-2014 academic year. The project involved making soap using the cold process method. Ishan followed the basic steps of mixing vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium carbonate. The mixture was stirred thoroughly to form a paste, which was then cast into a desired shape. Ishan's teacher certified that he satisfactorily completed the project on soap preparation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    83 views20 pages

    Preparation of Soap

    Uploaded by

    19 Vasanth Purushothaman
    Ishan Bhatnagar of Delhi Public School completed an investigatory project on soap making for the 2013-2014 academic year. The project involved making soap using the cold process method. Ishan followed the basic steps of mixing vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium carbonate. The mixture was stirred thoroughly to form a paste, which was then cast into a desired shape. Ishan's teacher certified that he satisfactorily completed the project on soap preparation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL INDIRAPURAM INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON PREPARATION OF SOAP FOR

    THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-2014

    EFFORTS BY: ISHAN BHATNAGAR CLASS: XII-E ROLL NO: 12


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    It is my duty to express my gratitude to my Respected chemistry teacher

    Mrs. Jyoti Samant


    For her valuable guidance, interest and constant encouragement for the fulfillment
    of the project on preparation of soap for the academic session 2013-2014. I am also
    highly obliged to our lab assistant Mr. Mohan who provided me the required
    apparatus and material
    CERTIFICATE Delhi Public School
    This is to certify that Ishan Bhatnagar of class XII-E has satisfactorily completed
    the course of his project on preparation of soap for the academic session 2013-
    2014.
    Date:

    Signature of Teacher

    Signature of Student
    CONTENTS
     Soap  Aim  Requirement  Basic principle involved  Procedure  Precautions 
    Theory of soap  Soap, fat and oil  Safety  Bibliography
    SOAP SAMPLE
    EXPERIMENTS
    AIM: To prepare soap by cold process.

    REQUIREMENTS:
     Oil  Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)  Sodium Chloride (NaCl)  Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3
     China Dish
    BASIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED
     Soaps are alkali salts of higher fatty acids.  Soap is prepared by the action of
    an alkali like NaOH on vegetable oil.  The reaction is called Saponification. 
    NaCl is added to the reaction.  Mixture causes the precipitation of soap.

     To make soap hard, some filter e.g. sodium carbonate or sodium silicate is added
    to it.
    PROCEDURE
     We took about 15 ml of vegetable oil in a beaker.
     After pouring 15 ml of water in a beaker add 6 gm of NaOH and stir well for the
    formation of solvent.  Add above prepared solution to vegetable oil.  After
    stirring the mixture thoroughly it becomes thick paste.
     Add sodium chloride and sodium carbonate to the paste of soap and stir.  Caste
    the paste on china dish for desired shape.
    PRECAUTIONS
     NaOH should be handled with care.
     The mixture of oil and alkali should be stirred thoroughly  The soap thus formed
    is not pure. Therefore it should not be used in daily life.
    THEORY OF SOAP
    To understand more about soaps, it is necessary to have an overview of Surface
    Tension –basic property of water and surface chemistry. Water, the liquid commonly
    used for cleaning, has a property called Surface Tension. In the body of the water,
    each molecule is surrounded and attracted by other water molecules. However, at the
    surface, water molecule only on the water side surrounds those water molecules. A
    tension is created as water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of
    water. This tension causes the water to bead up on the surfaces which slows wetting
    of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process.
    In the cleaning process the surface tension must be reduced so that the water can
    spread and wet the surfaces. Chemicals that are able to do this efficiently are
    called surface active agents, or “Surfacants”. They are said to make water
    “wetter”. Surfacants perform other important functions in cleaning, loosening,
    emulsifying and holding soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away. Surfacants
    also provide alkalinity and are useful in removing acidic soils. Surfacants are
    classified by their ionic properties in water:
    1. Anionic (negative charge) 2. Nonionic (having no charge) 3. Cationic (positive
    charge) 4. Amphoteric (either +ve or –ve charge)
    SOAPS, FATS AND OILS
    Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acid. They are made from
    fats and oils by treating them with a strong alkali like NaOH.
    The fats are oils used in soap making come from animal or plant resources. Each fat
    or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several distinct triglycerides. In a
    triglyceride molecule, 3 fatty acid molecules are attached to 1 molecule of
    glycerin and each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids
    Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils that are used in soap making. They
    are weak acids composed of two parts- a carboxylic acid group, and a hydrocarbon
    group. Generally it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon atoms each
    carrying 2 hydrogen atoms. ALKALI: An alkali is a soluble salt of an alkali metal
    like sodium or potassium. The common alkalis used in soap making areSodium
    Hydroxide (NaOH) – Caustic soda Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) – Caustic potash
    HOW SOAPS ARE MADE
    “Saponification” of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making process. This
    method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a liquid alkali to
    produce soap and water plus glycerin. GLYCERYL ESTER OR STEARIC ACID (FAT) + ALKALI
    > SODIUM STEARATE + GLYCEROL Other major soap making process is neutralization of
    fatty acids with an alkali. Fats and oils are hydrolyzed (split) with a high
    pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. The fatty acids are then
    purified by distillation and neutralization with an alkali to produce soap and
    water.
    SAFETY
    A commitment to safety is the top priority from the time a company begins working
    on a new product and continues as long as the product is in the market. To
    determine the safety of a cleaning product ingredient, industry scientists evaluate
    the toxicity of the ingredient, which is generally defined as any harmful effect of
    a chemical on a living organism. Since all chemicals including water are toxic
    under certain conditions of exposure, scientist must consider factors like duration
    and frequency of exposure to the ingredient; concentration of the ingredient at the
    time of exposure; routine and manner
    in which exposure occurs e.g. eyes, skin or ingestion. Scientist evaluate the
    safety of the product to determine if it is safe for consumers and the environment.
    Toxicologists are concerned with the effects of 2 types of exposure: ‘INTENDED’ and
    ‘UNINTENDED’. Intended exposures occur with the use of a cleansing product
    according to directions. Unintended exposures can result from misuse, through
    improper storage or by contact , such as when a liquid detergent is accidently
    splashed into the eye.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
     www.stericycle.com  www.countryscent.com

     www.soapgateway.com
     NCERT TEXTBOOK XII

     PRADEEP’S CHEMISTRY XII


     www.wikipedia.org

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