Lecture Objectives: Working Principle of Alternator OR Synchronous Generator Stator

Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc.
Electrical Engineering
Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP
Lecture Objectives
Working Principle of Alternator

Construction of Alternator
Excitation System of Alternator
Why Stator Stationary?
Why Stator Star Connected?
EMF Equation of SG
Working Principle of Alternator

OR Synchronous Generator
Whenever a conductor links with a magnetic field,
either the conductor is moving or the field is moving
then an emf is induced in the conductor.
Stator
Stationary part of synchronous machine

Contains 3-phase armature / stator windings
The rotor winding (field winding) is energized by dc

current and magnetic field is produced in rotor
windings. The rotor is now rotated by a primemover, and produces a rotating magnetic field in the
machine. This rotating magnetic field cut the
conductors of the stator (armature) and induces three
phase voltage within the stator windings.
Page 1 of 5
Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering
Stator core made of silicon steel laminations

Coils are insulated before inserting in the slots
and are further protected by fiber.
Armature windings are always connected in star
and the neutral is connected to ground.
Rotor
Rotating part of ac machine

Rotor core carries field windings in slots
Slip rings supply dc voltage to field windings
Core made of iron or silicon steel
Core laminated and insulated to avoid eddy
current losses.
DC source (exciter) is generally a small dc

generator mounted on the shaft of the prime
mover.
Salient Pole Rotor
A salient pole is a magnetic pole that is projected out

of the rotor surface.
Slow-speed machines (from 150 to 600 rpm).
Driven by hydraulic turbines.
Large diameter (3-15m).
Small length as compared to diameter.
Rotor has more than four poles.
Page 2 of 5
Non-Salient Pole Rotor
Brushes
Used to feed dc voltage to rotor (field) windings.
Positive end of a dc voltage source is connected
to one brush and Negative end is connected to
other brush.
Function of Excitation System
Non-salient pole is non-projecting surface type.

Small diameter and large length.
High speed (1500 3000 rpm).
Gives noiseless operation at high speeds.
Rotor has two or four poles.
Driven by steam turbines, and gas turbines
Slip Rings
Metal rings encircling shaft but insulated from it.
They rotate with the shaft.
One end of the dc rotor winding or field winding
is tied to each of the two slip rings on the shaft of
the synchronous machine and a stationary brush
rides on each slip ring.
To provide DC current to the field winding

To maintain the generated voltage.
To control the KVAR flow.
Brushless Excitation Scheme for Alternator
Page 3 of 5
Brushless exciter is a small ac generator and its

field circuit (stationary part) is mounted on the
stator of the main generator and its armature
circuit is mounted on the rotor shaft of main
generator.
Three-phase output of the exciter generator is
rectified to dc current and then is fed to the main
dc field circuit.
The field current of main generator can be
controlled by controlling the field current of
small ac generator. Brushless exciter requires less
maintenance than slip rings and brushes.
No slip rings and brushes are needed for exciter
field and main ac generator field.
Advantages of Stationary Armature (Stator)
1. Easier to insulate stationary high voltage
windings.
2. Supply can be directly connected to the load
without using slip rings and brushes.
3. Small slip rings and brushes required to feed field
winding on the rotor due to small current.
4. Higher speed of rotating dc field will result in

increased output of the alternator.
5. Efficient cooling of windings because the stator
can be made large enough and with many air
passages or cooling ducts for forced air
circulation.
Why Stator Windings Star Connected?
1. V P = V L/3, due to this less phase voltage,
number of turns per phase will be reduced and
hence the star-connection will be economical.
2. Less insulation will be required.
3. Differential currents (circulating current) and
zero sequence currents can be grounded.
4. Choice of required voltages is also possible.
How Control of V, f & N?
Voltage of an alternator is controlled by
excitation.
Frequency of an alternator is also controlled by
prime mover input and it remains constant.
Speed of generator is controlled by governor.
Page 4 of 5
EMF Equation of an Alternator

The rotor winding is energized from the dc exciter
and alternate N and S poles are developed on the
rotor. When the rotor is rotated in anticlockwise
direction by a prime-mover, the stator or armature
conductors are cut by the magnetic flux of rotor
poles and hence emf is induced in the armature
(stator) conductors due to electromagnetic induction.
Z = Number of conductors
= 2T (as two turns per conductor are taken)
P = number of poles; N = rotor speed in rpm,
= flux per pole in webers; f = frequency of EMF
According to Faradays law,
Average e.m.f. / Phase = d / dt [] = d / dt
d = flux cut by one conductor in one revolution
= P Weber.
d t = time taken to complete one revolution
= 1 / N minute = 60 / N Sec
Ave. e.m.f./Phase = d / dt
= P Weber / 60 / N sec
= P N / 60 volts
As there are Z conductors in series per phase,
Average e.m.f / phase = PNZ/60 volts

Average e.m.f/phase = PZ x
120f
60P
volts = 2fZ volts
Form Factor = RMS value/Average value

Form Factor = 0.707 EMF max / 0.637 EMF max = 1.11
R.M.S. value of emf/phase = Average value/phase x
form factor
R.M.S. value of emf/phase = Average value/phase
x form factor
= 2fZ volts x 1.11
= 2.22 Z volts
E r.m.s = 2.22
If K p and K d are the pitch factor and distribution

factor of the armature winding, then
E r.m.s = 2.22 Z volts
Also Z = 2T (two turns per phase make a conductor

per phase)
E r.m.s = 4.44 T volts
Page 5 of 5

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Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc.

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Working Principle of Alternator

Working Principle of Alternator

Stationary part of synchronous machine

The rotor winding (field winding) is energized by dc

Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Stator core made of silicon steel laminations

Rotating part of ac machine

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

DC source (exciter) is generally a small dc

A salient pole is a magnetic pole that is projected out

Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Non-Salient Pole Rotor

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Non-salient pole is non-projecting surface type.

To provide DC current to the field winding

Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Brushless exciter is a small ac generator and its

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

4. Higher speed of rotating dc field will result in

Lec-15: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

EMF Equation of an Alternator

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Average e.m.f / phase = PNZ/60 volts

volts = 2fZ volts

Form Factor = RMS value/Average value

If K p and K d are the pitch factor and distribution

Also Z = 2T (two turns per phase make a conductor

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