Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 98 views

    Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies

    Uploaded by

    wylynne balbines
    The document discusses the rules for determining the validity of categorical syllogisms and the fallacies that occur when rules are violated. It outlines six basic rules: 1) avoid four terms, 2) distribute the middle term, 3) terms in the conclusion must be distributed in the premises, 4) avoid two negative premises, 5) conclusions with negative premises must be negative, and 6) no conclusions from two universal premises. Violating these rules results in specific fallacies such as undistributed middle, illicit major, or exclusive premises. The document also examines the fifteen valid forms of categorical syllogisms grouped by the type of conclusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies

    Uploaded by

    wylynne balbines
    98 views14 pages
    The document discusses the rules for determining the validity of categorical syllogisms and the fallacies that occur when rules are violated. It outlines six basic rules: 1) avoid four terms, 2) distribute the middle term, 3) terms in the conclusion must be distributed in the premises, 4) avoid two negative premises, 5) conclusions with negative premises must be negative, and 6) no conclusions from two universal premises. Violating these rules results in specific fallacies such as undistributed middle, illicit major, or exclusive premises. The document also examines the fifteen valid forms of categorical syllogisms grouped by the type of conclusion.

    Original Title

    logic.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the rules for determining the validity of categorical syllogisms and the fallacies that occur when rules are violated. It outlines six basic rules: 1) avoid four terms, 2) distribute the middle term, 3) terms in the conclusion must be distributed in the premises, 4) avoid two negative premises, 5) conclusions with negative premises must be negative, and 6) no conclusions from two universal premises. Violating these rules results in specific fallacies such as undistributed middle, illicit major, or exclusive premises. The document also examines the fifteen valid forms of categorical syllogisms grouped by the type of conclusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    98 views14 pages

    Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies

    Uploaded by

    wylynne balbines
    The document discusses the rules for determining the validity of categorical syllogisms and the fallacies that occur when rules are violated. It outlines six basic rules: 1) avoid four terms, 2) distribute the middle term, 3) terms in the conclusion must be distributed in the premises, 4) avoid two negative premises, 5) conclusions with negative premises must be negative, and 6) no conclusions from two universal premises. Violating these rules results in specific fallacies such as undistributed middle, illicit major, or exclusive premises. The document also examines the fifteen valid forms of categorical syllogisms grouped by the type of conclusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The passage discusses the rules and fallacies of categorical syllogisms.

    The six basic rules are: 1) Avoid four terms, 2) Distribute the middle term, 3) Any term in the conclusion must be in the premises, 4) Avoid two negative premises, 5) If a premise is negative the conclusion must be negative, 6) No particular conclusion from two universal premises.

    The fallacies are: four terms, undistributed middle, illicit major, illicit minor, exclusive premises, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise, and drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises.

    Syllogistic Rules

    and Fallacies
    The validity of a categorical syllogism
    can be determined through the six
    basic rules.
    Importance:
    If the syllogism conforms to the rules then it is valid

    If it violate then it is invalid


    For every rule that is violated a specific fallacy is
    committed.
    Syllogistic rules Syllogistic fallacies
    Rule No. 1 Avoid four terms. Fallacy of four terms.
    Rule No. 2 Distribute the middle term Fallacy Undistributed middle
    in at least one premise.
    Rule No. 3 Any term distributed in Fallacy Illicit major; illicit minor
    the conclusion must be distributed in
    the premises.
    Rule No. 4 Avoid two negative Fallacy of Exclusive premise
    premises.
    Rule No. 5 If either premise is Fallacy of drawing an affirmative
    negative, the conclusion must be conclusion from a negative premise; 2.
    negative. Fallacy of drawing a negative
    conclusion from affirmative premises.
    Rule No. 6 No particular conclusion Existential Fallacy
    may be drawn from two universal
    premises.
    Rule No. 1 Avoid four terms

    Categorical syllogism must contain exactly


    three terms.
    Violation: Fallacy of four terms.

    Example:
    Violation:
    All stars are heavenly bodies.
    Sharon Cuneta is a star.
    Therefore, Sharon Cuneta is a heavenly body.

    Valid:
    All stars are heavenly body.
    Sun is a star.
    Therefore Sun is a heavenly body
    Rule No. 2 Distribute the middle term in at
    least one premise.

    Violation: Fallacy Undistributed middle


    Example:
    Violation:
    All sharks are fish.
    All salmon are fish.
    Therefore, all salmon are sharks.

    Valid:
    All sharks are fish.
    All fish swim.
    Therefore all sharks swim.
    Rule No. 3 Any term distributed in the conclusion
    must be distributed in the premises.

    Violation: Fallacy Illicit major;


    Example:

    Violation:
    All metals are electric conductors
    Mercury is a metal
    Therefore, Mercury is not an electric conductor.

    Valid:
    All metals are electric conductors
    Mercury is a metal
    Therefore, Mercury is an electric conductor.
    Violation: Fallacy of illicit minor

    Example:
    Violation:
    Some boxers are college graduates.
    Some boxers are rich persons.
    Therefore, all rich persons are college graduates.

    Valid:
    Some boxers are college graduates.
    Some boxers are rich persons.
    Therefore, some rich persons are college graduates.
    Rule No. 4 Avoid two negative premises.

    Violation: Fallacy of Exclusive premise


    Having both negative premise results to an
    invalid conclusion.
    Example:
    Violation:
    No cats are dogs.
    Some dogs are not pets.
    Therefore, some pets are not cats.

    Valid:
    No cats are dogs.
    Some dogs are pets.
    Therefore, some cats are not pets.
    Rule No. 5 If either premises is negative, the
    conclusion must be negative.

    Violation: 1. Fallacy of drawing an affirmative


    conclusion from a negative premise;
    Violation :
    All head-hunters are barbarians.
    Some Africans are not barbarians.
    Therefore, some Africans are head-hunters.

    Valid:
    All head-hunters are barbarians.
    Some Africans are not barbarians.
    Therefore, some Africans are not head-hunters.
    Violation: 2. Fallacy of drawing a negative
    conclusion from affirmative premises.

    Violation:
    All head-hunters are barbarians.
    Some Africans are barbarians.
    Therefore, some Africans are not head-hunters.

    Valid:
    All head-hunters are barbarians.
    Some Africans are barbarians.
    Therefore, some Africans are head-hunters.
    Rule No. 6 No particular conclusion may be
    drawn from two universal premises.

    Violation: Existential Fallacy


    Violation:
    All household pets are domestic animals.
    No unicorns are domestic animals.
    Therefore some unicorns are not household pets.

    Valid:
    All household pets are domestic animals.
    Some unicorns are not domestic animals.
    Therefore some unicorns are household pets.
    Exposition of the fifteen
    valid forms of the
    categorical syllogism
    The Fifteen Valid Forms of Categorical Syllogism:

    Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4


    M - P P - M M - P P - M
    S - M S - M M - S M - S

    S is P S is P S is P S is P
     AAA-1  AEE-2  AII-3  AEE-4
    bAbArA cAmEstrEs dAtIsI cAmEnEs
     EAE-1  EAE-2  IAI-3  IAI-4
    cElArEnt cEsArE dIsAmIs dImArIs
     AII-1  AOO-2  EIO-3  EIO-4
    dArII bArOkO fErIsOn frEsIsOn
     EIO-1  EIO-2  OAO-3
    fErIO fEstInO bOkArdO
    Case 1: if the conclusion of the categorical syllogism
    has an A proposition then there is only one possible
    valid form, which is AAA-1 (BARBARA).

    Case 2: If the conclusion of the syllogism is E there


    are four possible valid forms, which are EAE-1; EAE-2;
    AEE-2 and AEE-4.

    Case 3: If the conclusion is an I propositions then the


    possible valid forms are: AII-1; AII-3; IAI-3 and IAI-4.

    Case 4: If the syllogism has an O proposition the valid


    forms are: EIO-1; AOO-2; EIO-2; EIO-3; OAO-3; and
    EIO-4

    You might also like