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    Enamel

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    Pavan
    Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It is formed by ameloblasts through a secretory stage where enamel matrix is deposited, followed by a maturation stage where crystals grow. Enamel has a microscopic structure of enamel rods or prisms that begin at the dentin-enamel junction and extend toward the outer enamel surface. The direction of the rods varies in different tooth regions and their organization helps give enamel its hardness and strength. Defects during enamel formation can result in enamel abnormalities like hypoplasia or hypocalcification.

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    Enamel

    Uploaded by

    Pavan
    1K views89 pages
    Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It is formed by ameloblasts through a secretory stage where enamel matrix is deposited, followed by a maturation stage where crystals grow. Enamel has a microscopic structure of enamel rods or prisms that begin at the dentin-enamel junction and extend toward the outer enamel surface. The direction of the rods varies in different tooth regions and their organization helps give enamel its hardness and strength. Defects during enamel formation can result in enamel abnormalities like hypoplasia or hypocalcification.

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    Brief explanation of enamel

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    Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It is formed by ameloblasts through a secretory stage where enamel matrix is deposited, followed by a maturation stage where crystals grow. Enamel has a microscopic structure of enamel rods or prisms that begin at the dentin-enamel junction and extend toward the outer enamel surface. The direction of the rods varies in different tooth regions and their organization helps give enamel its hardness and strength. Defects during enamel formation can result in enamel abnormalities like hypoplasia or hypocalcification.

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    1K views89 pages

    Enamel

    Uploaded by

    Pavan
    Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals. It is formed by ameloblasts through a secretory stage where enamel matrix is deposited, followed by a maturation stage where crystals grow. Enamel has a microscopic structure of enamel rods or prisms that begin at the dentin-enamel junction and extend toward the outer enamel surface. The direction of the rods varies in different tooth regions and their organization helps give enamel its hardness and strength. Defects during enamel formation can result in enamel abnormalities like hypoplasia or hypocalcification.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that enamel is the hardest tissue in the body composed mainly of hydroxyapatite crystals. It has a complex microscopic structure of enamel rods (prisms) and plays an important role in protecting the tooth.

    The main components of enamel are 96% inorganic material (calcium hydroxyapatite), 2% organic material such as amelogenins, and 2% water.

    Enamel has a complex microscopic structure composed of enamel rods (prisms) that extend from the dentinoenamel junction to the outer enamel surface in a wavy pattern. The rods have a head and tail structure with the head oriented towards the occlusal surface. Between the rods is the interprismatic substance.

    ENAMEL

    PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    • Hardest calcified tissue
    • Thickness max : cusp tip
    • Thickness min : cervical region
    • Resistant covering : mastication
    • Specific gravity : 2.8
    • Permeability : semipermeable
    • Colour : translucency yellow,greyish
    • Enamel cannot undergo repair
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    • Inorganic material : 96%
    Calcium hydroxyapatite

    • Organic material : 2%
    amelogenin
    non- amelogenin (tuftelin,enamelin)

    • Water :2%
    Histological Structure

    Ground section Decalcified section


    STRUCTURE
    Enamel crystallites

    • Rods / prisms
    • Rod sheath
    • Interprismatic substance
    The number of the enamel rods varies from 5
    millions in lower lateral incisor to 12 millions in the
    upper first permanent molar.
    The rods begin from DEJ and runs towards the outer
    surface . The length of rod is > thickness of enamel
    ( has a wavy course)
    •
    The diameter of the rod is 5
    µm. µm.
    It increases from
    • the dentino-enamel
    junction to the outer enamel surface by a
    ratio of 1:2.
    In C.S ,LIGHT MICROSCOPE
    Round /oval/ fish scale app
    By electron microscopy - in cross section

    -a key-hole or paddle-shape ( most common )

    Circular , parallel rows ( other patterns)


    The head of the rod is toward the occlusal or incisal
    surface where the tail is cervically

    coronal

    cervical
    • Composed – head/body & tail
    • The tail of one prism lies between the heads
    of two adjacent prisms
    • The head of the rod is toward the occlusal or
    incisal surface where the tail is cervically
    Histological Structure
    Enamel crystallites

    Found within rods/ prims


    e exagonal in form
    h
    about 160 nm in length and 40-70 nm in
    width
    • crystals arranged parallel to long axis of rod
    in their bodies / heads and deviate 65
    degree in the tails
    • Organic matrix forms envelope around each
    crystal.
    DIRECTION OF RODS
    • PERMANENT
    DECIDIOUS TOOTH
    TOOTH
    • Cervical &2/3
    Occlusal central
    rd same
    crown-horizontal
    • Incisal edge
    Cervical -apical
    –obliqe
    • Cusp tip - vertical
    • Structure less enamel:
    • This layer is highly
    mineralized than the
    rest of enamel and
    • its thickness is 30
    microns.
    • This surface layer of
    enamel is aprismatic.
    • Structural lines of enamel

    Striae of Retzius
    Cross striations
    Neonatal line

    • Optical phenomena in enamel

    Hunter-Schreger bands
    Gnarled enamel
    INCREMENTAL LINES OF RETZIUS

    • Brownish bands in ground sections


    • Successive layers of enamel apposition during
    crown formation
    • L.S –surround tip of dentin
    cervical ,run obliquely from DEJ
    • Trasverse section –concentric circles
    • Reflect variation in mineralization
    • Broadening –metabolic disturbance ,
    NEONATAL LINES
    • Enamel of decidious teeth develop partly
    before birth and partly after birth

    • Boundary between marked by accentuated


    incremental lines-neonatal line

    • Change of environment & nutrition


    STRIATIONS
    • Rods are built up of segments seperated by
    dark lines
    • Enamel matrix formed in rhythmic manner
    • Segments are of 4um length
    HUNTER –SCHREGER BANDS
    • Alternating dark & light bands
    • Change in direction of rods
    • Seen best in L.S under oblique reflected light
    • Not merely an optical phenomenon
    • Alternating zone of different permeability and
    different organic content
    GNARLED ENAMEL
    • Optical appearance
    • Horizontal disc –rods in adjacent will bind in
    opp direction
    • Oblique plane _ bundles of rods intertwine
    more irregularly
    • Seen near dentin in the cuspal region / incisal
    region
    NEWLY ERUPTED TEETH –microscopic
    features
    • Nasymth’s membrane
    • PERIKYMATA
    • ROD ENDS
    • CRACKS
    PERIKYMATA
    • Transverse wave like grooves
    • External manifestation of STRIAE OF RETZIUS
    • Parallel to each other and to CEJ
    • 30 per mm in CEJ and 10 per mm at occlusal
    surface
    ENAMEL ROD ENDS
    • Concave
    • Shallowest – cervical region
    • Deepest - incisal
    CRACKS
    • Used to describe narrow fissures
    • Now demonstrated to be outer edges of
    lamellae
    • Most are 1 mm short ,others reach the
    occlusal surface.
    • Careful decalcification cause cracks to
    disappear but lamellae persist
    DEJ
    • Surface of dentin is pitted .
    • Rounded projection of enamel fit into shallow
    projections of dentin
    • It appears as scalloped line
    • Convexities of scallopsare directed towards
    dentin
    • Hypermineralized zone,30um thick
    Structures at DEJ
    ENAMEL LAMELLAE
    • Thin leaf like structure
    • Extending from enamel to DEJ
    • Penetrate dentin
    • Consist of organic material
    • Develop along planes of tension when rods
    cross,a short segment may not calcify
    TYPES OF LAMELLAE
    • TYPE A – composed of poorly calcified rod
    segment
    • TYPE B – consist of degenerated cell
    • TYPE C – erupted teeth ,cracks filled with
    organic matter
    • TYPE A – restricted to enamel
    • TYPE B & C – reach in to dentin
    ENAMEL TUFTS
    • Arise from DEJ, reach into enamel about 1/3
    to 1/8 th its thickness
    • Resemble tufts of grass in ground sections
    • Consist of hypocalcified enamel rods and
    interprismatic substance.
    ENAMEL SPINDLES
    • Odontoblastic process pass the DEJ IN TO
    ENAMEL.
    • Thickened at their ends.
    • Direction of odontoblastic process & spindles
    correspond to orginal direction of ameloblast.
    right angles to surface of dentin
    • Ground section –organic content of spindles
    disintegrate and replaced by
    air and appears dark in
    transmitted light.
    LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
    • Life span of IEE is divided into six stages
    Morphogenic
    Organizing
    Formative
    Maturative
    Protective
    Desmolytic
    Formative stage
    Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

    pcw = proximal cell web


    dcw= distal cell web
    cell webs hold cells in formation
    Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

    Hallmarks: Intense synthetic


    & secretory activity
    Secretion is continuous
    Secretory granules not stored
    Almost immediate mineralization
    Initial layer does not contain rods

    Enamel Matrix: Note Tomes’ processes &


    picket-fence appearance.
    Maturative stage
    Amelogenesis - Maturation Stage

    Ameloblasts
    incorporation Ameloblasts exit of protein
    of inorganic fragments &
    material water

    Ruffle-ended Smooth-ended
    Protective stage
    Desmolytic stage
    Enamel - Structure

    Aapd.org/publications/peddent/

    Note: rod, interrod crystals same, but divergent orientation


    Enamel - Structure

    Enamel: hydroxyapatite
    crystals
    Young Enamel Older Enamel

    Transmission EM:
    rod surrounded by
    interrod enamel
    Amelogenesis

    Begins first at cusp tips


    Then sweeps down crown slopes
    Stops at CEJ
    CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
    • HYPOPLASIA- pitting ,furrowing , total absence
    of enamel
    • HYPOCALCIFICATION – opaque / chalky area on
    NORMAL contoured enamel surface

    • Matrix formation – hypoplasia- defect in enamel


    • Maturation - hypocalcification –defect in
    mineral content

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