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    Digestion, Absorption and Transport

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    AJ Vizmanos
    The document discusses the process of digestion, absorption, and transport. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food in preparation for absorption. Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur through the actions of enzymes and peristalsis. The major organs of the digestive system and their roles are described. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and salivary glands secrete substances that aid digestion. Finally, absorption is defined as the transport of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream.

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    Digestion, Absorption and Transport

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    AJ Vizmanos
    155 views48 pages
    The document discusses the process of digestion, absorption, and transport. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food in preparation for absorption. Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur through the actions of enzymes and peristalsis. The major organs of the digestive system and their roles are described. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and salivary glands secrete substances that aid digestion. Finally, absorption is defined as the transport of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream.

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    The document discusses the process of digestion, absorption, and transport. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food in preparation for absorption. Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur through the actions of enzymes and peristalsis. The major organs of the digestive system and their roles are described. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and salivary glands secrete substances that aid digestion. Finally, absorption is defined as the transport of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    155 views48 pages

    Digestion, Absorption and Transport

    Uploaded by

    AJ Vizmanos
    The document discusses the process of digestion, absorption, and transport. It defines digestion as the breakdown of food in preparation for absorption. Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur through the actions of enzymes and peristalsis. The major organs of the digestive system and their roles are described. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and salivary glands secrete substances that aid digestion. Finally, absorption is defined as the transport of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream.

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    of 48

    DIGESTION,

    ABSORPTION
    AND TRANSPORT
    FN 15
    2nd semester AY 2010-2011

    MS. RHEA BENAVIDES-DE LEON, RND

    Based on the works of CTBayaga, RMTMagbuhat and LWTengco


    Digestion

    The breakdown of food in the body in


    preparation for absorption.
    Digestion

    Mechanical digestion: food is broken


    up by the teeth and moved along GI
    tract by peristalsis.

    Chemical digestion: carbohydrates,


    proteins, and fats are broken down into
    nutrients tissues can absorb and use.
    Digestion
    Chemical changes occur through
    hydrolysis (the addition of water and
    breaking down of food molecules).

    Enzymes act on food substances,


    causing them to break down into simple
    compounds.
    Anatomy of the Digestive System

    Alimentary Canal or the


    Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
    Digestive
    System
    Accessory
    Digestive Organs
    Mouth
     Where digestion begins
     Salivary amylase acts on starch
     Teeth break up food; food mixes with saliva
    “Bolus” formed
     Small amounts of carbohydrates changed
    Esophagus
     Food travels through this muscular tube

     Connects mouth to stomach

     Peristalsis and gravity act to move bolus

     Cardiac sphincter opens at lower end


    of esophagus to allow passage of bolus into
    stomach
    Stomach
     Temporary storage of food

     Mixing of food with gastric juices

     Regulation of a slow, controlled emptying


    of food into the intestine

     Secretion of the intrinsic factor for vitamin


    B12
    Stomach
     Hydrochloric acid prepares the gastric area
    for enzyme action

     Pepsin breaks down proteins

     In children, rennin breaks down milk


    proteins

     Lipase acts on emulsified fats


    Stomach
    Small Intestine
    Hormones released
    • Secretin causes pancreas to release
    sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acidity
    of chyme
    • Cholecystokinin triggers gallbladder to
    release bile
    Bile
    • Emulsifies fat after it is secreted into
    small intestine
    • Produced in liver; stored in gallbladder
    Small Intestine
    Enzymes are found in the pancreatic juice
    that is secreted into small intestine.
    • Pancreatic proteases (trypsin,
    chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases):
    split proteins
    • Pancreatic amylase: converts
    starches (polysaccharides) to simple
    sugars
    • Pancreatic lipase: reduces fats to fatty
    acids and glycerol
    Small Intestine
     Produces enzymes
     Prepares foods for absorption
     Lactase, maltase, sucrase convert lactose,
    maltose, sucrose to simple sugars
     Peptidases reduce proteins to amino acids
     Twenty-two feet long
     Villi, hairlike projections, increase surface
    area for maximum absorption
    Small intestine
    Large Intestine
    Colon walls secrete mucus to protect against
    acidic digestive juices in chyme.

    Major tasks of the large intestine:


    • Absorb water
    • Synthesize some B vitamins and vitamin
    K
    • Collect food residue
    Large Intestine
    Rectum

    Holds back semisolid waste from the colon


    until it is time to defecate.
    Anus

    Last sphincter in the digestive system


    Opens up to allow the passage of waste
    Accessory Digestive Organs
    Organs which assists digestion
    - salivary glands, teeth, pancreas, liver
    and gallbladder
    Salivary Glands
    • Produces and secretes SALIVA
    – mucus: moistens and binds food into a
    BOLUS
    – serous: contains SALIVARY AMYLASE

    • Has a protective function (lysozyme and


    antibodies) and allows food to be tasted
    Teeth
    • Involved in the mastication (chewing)
    of food
    – incisors  biting, canines
    tearing, molarsgrinding/mashing
    Pancreas
    • A soft triangular gland
    that extends across the
    abdomen from the
    spleen to the
    duodenum
    • Produces and secretes
    digestive enzymes and
    juices into the
    duodenum (exocrine)
    • Produces insulin and
    glucagon (endocrine)

    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Liver
    • Largest gland in the
    body which overlies
    the stomach
    • Functions include
    synthesis of bile
    salts, detoxification,
    excretion, and
    energy metabolism

    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Gallbladder
    • A small, pear
    shaped thin-walled
    sac that stores and
    concentrates the
    bile
    • Releases bile when
    it receives a signal
    that fat is present in
    the duodenum

    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Muscular Action of Digestion

    1) Peristalsis (peri round; stellein  wrap)


    • Muscular contractions of the GI tract that
    push intestinal contents along

    2) Stomach Action
    • The stomach muscles churn and push
    the chyme downward while the pyloric
    sphincter is tightly closed.
    • The stomach wall releases gastric juices
    to completely liquefy the chyme
    Muscular Action of Digestion

    3) Segmentation
    • A periodic squeezing or partitioning of
    the intestine at intervals along its length
    by its circular muscle

    4) Sphincter contraction
    Sphincter Contraction
    a) Upper Esophageal Sphincter
    • Opens in response to swallowing
    b) Lower Esophageal Sphincter
    • A.k.a. cardiac sphincter
    • Prevents gastric reflux
    c) Pyloric Sphincter
    • Found at the bottom of the stomach
    • Prevents intestinal contents from
    backing up into the stomach
    Sphincter Contraction
    d) Ileocecal Valve
    • Found at the end of the small
    intestine
    • Empties the contents of the small
    intestine
    e) Anus
    • Prevents elimination until you
    choose to perform
    Digestive Glands
    and
    their Secretions
    Salivary Glands
    Gland Target Secretion Action
    Organ
    Salivary Mouth Saliva - Contains water, salt
    glands and enzymes that
    initiate
    carbohydrate
    digestion
    - Protects the linings
    of the mouth,
    esophagus and
    stomach from
    harmful substances
    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Stomach
    Gland Target Secretion Action
    Organ
    Gastric Stomach Gastric Fluid: mixes with
    gland juice bolus
    HCl: uncoils
    proteins &
    destroys bacteria
    Enzyme: breaks
    down proteins
    Mucus: protects
    stomach cells
    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Liver
    Gland Target Secretion Action
    Organ
    Liver Gallbladder Bile Bile: an emulsifier
    that prepares fats
    and oils for
    digestion
    Stored in the
    gallbladder until
    needed

    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Pancreas
    Gland Target Secretion Action
    Organ
    Pancreas Small Pancreatic Bicarbonate:
    intestine juice neutralizes acidic
    gastric juices
    (pH=8)
    Pancreatic
    enzymes: break
    down
    carbohydrates,
    protein and fat
    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Small intestines
    Gland Target Secretion Action
    Organ
    Intestinal Small Intestinal Brush border
    glands intestine juice Enzymes: breaks
    down proteins and
    carbohydrate
    fragments
    Mucus: protects
    intestinal wall

    (Mahan & Stump, 2004 and Whitney, Cataldo, & Rolfes, 1998 )
    Digestive Enzymes
    Source Enzyme Food Acted Upon

    Mouth Salivary amylase Starch


    Stomach Pepsin Proteins
    Rennin Proteins in milk
    Gastric lipase Emulsified fat

    Small Pancreatic Amylase Starch


    Intestine/ Pancreatic Proteases Proteins
    Pancreas Pancreatic Lipases Fats
    Lactase Lactose
    Maltase Maltose
    Sucrase Sucrose
    Peptidases Proteins
    Absorption
    Absorption
    • Transport of digested end products from
    the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or
    lymph
    – Nutrients must first enter the cells through
    ACTIVE or PASSIVE TRANSPORT
    ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

    H2O, small ions, H2O soluble vitamins Glucose, AA, large


    small lipids molecules,
    Absorption
    Nutrients MUST BE in their simplest form
    • Carbohydrates: simple sugars
    • Proteins: amino acids
    • Fats: fatty acids and glycerol
    Absorption
    Most absorption occurs in the small intestine;
    some occurs in the large intestine.

    Water is absorbed in the stomach, small


    intestine, and large intestine.
    Transport
    Transport

    Process by which the nutrients are


    delivered to any part of the body and
    used by any of the cells that need them.
    THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
    • Is a closed system of vessels through which blood
    flows continuously, with the heart serving as a
    pump at the crossover point

    • The blood simply travels the following route:

    heart  arteries  capillaries (in intestines)  vein  capillaries (in liver)


     vein  heart
    The Vascular System
    • Artery
    • A vessel that carries blood away from
    the heart
    • Capillary
    • A small vessel that branches from an
    artery
    • The capillary walls serve as the site for
    the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and
    waste materials
    • Veins
    • A vessel that carries blood back to the
    heart
    THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
    • Provides one-way route for fluid from the
    tissue spaces to enter the blood
    • As muscles contract and create
    pressure, lymph is squeezed from one
    portion of the body (large duct behind the
    heart) to another (vascular system)
    • Materials from the GI tract that enter
    lymphatic vessels are the large fats and
    fat soluble vitamins (by-passing the liver)
    Absorption & Transport
    DIGESTION,
    ABSORPTION AND
    TRANSPORT

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