Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 51 views

    3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions With Details

    Uploaded by

    Rejie
    The document discusses rational functions of the form f(x) = P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials. It explains that: 1) A vertical asymptote occurs when x = a is a root of Q(x) but not P(x), as the function approaches positive or negative infinity as x approaches a. 2) A horizontal asymptote occurs when the degree of P(x) equals or exceeds the degree of Q(x), with the horizontal line determined by the leading coefficients. 3) Asymptotes are found by factoring the polynomials, identifying common roots as removable singularities, and examining behavior as x approaches infinity

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions With Details

    Uploaded by

    Rejie
    51 views12 pages
    The document discusses rational functions of the form f(x) = P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials. It explains that: 1) A vertical asymptote occurs when x = a is a root of Q(x) but not P(x), as the function approaches positive or negative infinity as x approaches a. 2) A horizontal asymptote occurs when the degree of P(x) equals or exceeds the degree of Q(x), with the horizontal line determined by the leading coefficients. 3) Asymptotes are found by factoring the polynomials, identifying common roots as removable singularities, and examining behavior as x approaches infinity

    Original Description:

    Graph

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses rational functions of the form f(x) = P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials. It explains that: 1) A vertical asymptote occurs when x = a is a root of Q(x) but not P(x), as the function approaches positive or negative infinity as x approaches a. 2) A horizontal asymptote occurs when the degree of P(x) equals or exceeds the degree of Q(x), with the horizontal line determined by the leading coefficients. 3) Asymptotes are found by factoring the polynomials, identifying common roots as removable singularities, and examining behavior as x approaches infinity

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    51 views12 pages

    3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions With Details

    Uploaded by

    Rejie
    The document discusses rational functions of the form f(x) = P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials. It explains that: 1) A vertical asymptote occurs when x = a is a root of Q(x) but not P(x), as the function approaches positive or negative infinity as x approaches a. 2) A horizontal asymptote occurs when the degree of P(x) equals or exceeds the degree of Q(x), with the horizontal line determined by the leading coefficients. 3) Asymptotes are found by factoring the polynomials, identifying common roots as removable singularities, and examining behavior as x approaches infinity

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Graphing Rational

    Functions
    P( x)
    A rational function is a function of the form f(x) = ,
    Q( x)
    where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(x) = 0.

    1
    Example: f (x) = is defined for all real numbers except x = 0.
    x
    1 x f(x) x f(x)
    f(x) = 2 0.5 -2 -0.5
    x
    1 1 -1 -1
    0.5 2 -0.5 -2
    0.1 10 -0.1 -10
    0.01 100 -0.01 -100
    0.001 1000 -0.001 -1000

    As x → 0+, f(x) → +∞. As x → 0–, f(x) → -∞.

    2
    The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of
    y = f(x), if and only if f(x) → + ∞ or f(x) → – ∞ as
    x → a + or as x → a –.
    as x → a – as x → a – as x → a + as x → a +
    f(x) → + ∞ f(x) → – ∞ f(x) → + ∞ f(x) → – ∞

    x x x x

    x=a x=a x=a x=a

    3
    Example: Show that the line x = 2 is a vertical asymptote of the
    4
    graph of f(x) = .
    ( x  2) 2
    y
    x=2
    x f(x)
    1.5 16 4
    f (x) =
    1.9 400 ( x  2) 2
    1.99 40000
    2 -
    2.01 40000 100
    2.1 400 x
    2.5 16 0.5

    Observe that:
    x→2–, f (x) → – ∞ This shows that x = 2 is a
    x→2+, f (x) → + ∞ vertical asymptote.

    4
    P( x)
    A rational function may have a vertical asymptote at
    Q( x)
    x = a for any value of a such that Q(a) = 0.
    Example:
    1
    Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph of f(x) = .
    ( x  4 x  5)
    2

    Set the denominator equal to zero and solve.


    Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 4x – 5. (x – 1)(x + 5) = 0
    Therefore, x = 1 and x = -5 are the values of x for which
    f may have a vertical asymptote.
    As x →1– , f(x) → – ∞. As x → -5–, f(x) → + ∞.
    As x →1+, f(x) → + ∞. As x →-5+, f(x) → – ∞.
    x = 1 is a vertical asymptote. x = -5 is a vertical asymptote.

    5
    Example:
    ( x  2)
    Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph of f(x) = 2 .
    ( x  4)
    1. Find the roots of the denominator. 0 = x2 – 4 = (x + 2)(x – 2)
    Possible vertical asymptotes are x = -2 and x = +2.
    2. Calculate the values approaching -2 and +2 from both sides.
    x → -2, f(x) → -0.25; so x = -2 is not a vertical asymptote.
    x → +2–, f(x) → – ∞ and x →+2+, f(x) → + ∞.
    So, x = 2 is a vertical asymptote. y
    x=2

    f is undefined at -2
    (-2, -0.25) x
    A hole in the graph of f at (-2, -0.25)
    shows a removable singularity.

    6
    The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of
    y = f(x) if and only if f(x) → b + or f(x) → b – as
    x → + ∞ or as x → – ∞.
    as x → + ∞ as x → – ∞ as x → + ∞ as x → – ∞
    f(x) → b – f(x) → b – f(x) → b + f(x) → b +
    y y y y

    y=b y=b
    y=b y=b

    7
    Example: Show that the line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote of
    1
    the graph of the function f(x) = .
    x
    As x becomes unbounded positively, f(x) approaches zero
    from above; therefore, the line y = 0 is a horizontal
    asymptote of the graph of f. As f(x) → – ∞, x → 0 –.

    x f(x)
    y
    10 0.1 1
    f(x) =
    100 0.01 x
    1000 0.001
    0 – x
    y=0
    -10 -0.1
    -100 -0.01
    -1000 -0.001

    8
    Example: Determine the horizontal asymptotes of the graph of
    2
    f(x) = x .
    ( x 2  1)
    1
    Divide x2 + 1 into x2 . f(x) = 1 – 2
    ( x  1)
    1 1
    As x → +∞, → 0 – ; so, f(x) = 1 – →1 –.
    ( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)

    Similarly, as x → – ∞, f(x) →1–. y


    y=1
    Therefore, the graph of f has
    y = 1 as a horizontal asymptote. x

    9
    Finding Asymptotes for Rational Functions
    P(x) am xm + lower degree terms
    Given a rational function: f (x) = =
    Q(x) bn xn + lower degree terms

    • If c is a real number which is a root of both P(x) and Q(x),


    then there is a removable singularity at c.
    • If c is a root of Q(x) but not a root of P(x), then x = c is a
    vertical asymptote.

    • If m > n, then there are no horizontal asymptotes.


    • If m < n, then y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
    • If m = n, then y = am is a horizontal asymptote.
    bn

    10
    Example:
    3x 2  6 x  3
    Find all horizontal and vertical asymptotes of f (x) = 2 .
    x x2
    Factor the numerator and denominator.
    The only root of the numerator is x = -1.
    The roots of the denominator are x = -1 and x = 2 .
    Since -1 is a common root of both, there x=2
    y
    is a hole in the graph at -1 .
    Since 2 is a root of the denominator y=3
    but not the numerator, x = 2 will be a vertical x
    asymptote.
    Since the polynomials have the same degree,
    y = 3 will be a horizontal asymptote.

    11
    A slant asymptote is an asymptote which is not vertical or
    horizontal.
    2x2  x 1
    Example: Find the slant asymptote for f(x) = .
    x3
    Divide: 2 x  x  1  2 x  5 
    2
    14
    x3 x3 y
    x = -3
    14
    As x → + ∞, → 0+.
    x3 y = 2x - 5
    14
    As x → – ∞, → 0–. x
    x3

    Therefore as x → ∞,
    f(x) is more like the line y = 2x – 5.

    The slant asymptote is y = 2x – 5.

    12

    You might also like