Number System

CSCI 240
Boolean Algebra
Introduction
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• We observed in our introduction that early in the development of

computer hardware, a decision was made to use binary circuits
because it greatly simplified the electronic circuit design.
• In order to work with binary circuits, it is helpful to have a

conceptual framework to manipulate the circuits algebraically,
building only the final “most simple” result.
• George Boole (1813-1864) developed a mathematical structure

to deal with binary operations with just two values. Today, we
call these structures Boolean Algebras.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA DEFINED
• A Boolean Algebra B is defined as a 5-tuple {B, +, *, ’, 0, 1}

• + and * are binary operators,’ is a unary operator.
• The following axioms must hold for any elements a, b, c  {0,1}
• Axiom #1: Closure
If a and b are elements of B, (a + b) and (a * b) are in B.
• Axiom #2: Cardinality
There are at least two elements a and b in B such that a != b.
• Axiom #3: Commutative
If a and b are elements of B
(a + b) = (b + a), and (a * b) = (b * a)
Axiom #4: Associative
If a and b are elements of B
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c), and (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
Axiom #5: Identity Element

B has identity elements with respect to + and *
0 is the identity element for +, and 1 is the identity element for *
a + 0 = a and a * 1 = a
Axiom #6: Distributive

* is distributive over + and + is distributive over *
a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c), and a + (b * c) = (a + b) * (a + c)
Axiom #7: Complement Element

For every a in B there is an element a' in B such that
a + a' = 1, and a * a' = 0
TERMINOLOGY
• Element 0 is called “FALSE”.
• Element 1 is called “TRUE”.
• ‘+’ operation “OR”,‘*’ operation “AND” and ’ operation
“NOT”.
• Juxtaposition implies * operation: ab = a * b
• Operator order of precedence is: (), ’, *, +.
a+bc = a+(b*c) ≠ (a+b)*c
ab’ = a(b’) ≠ (a*b)’
• Single Bit Boolean Algebra(1’ = 0 and 0’ = 1)
+ 0 1 * 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1
• Consider the distributive theorem: a + (b * c) = (a + b)*(a + c).
Is it trueBY
PROOF forTRUTH
a two bitTABLE
Boolean Algebra?
• Can prove using a truth table. How many possible combinations
of a, b, and c are there?
• Three variables, each with two values: 2*2*2 = 23 = 8
a b c b*c a+(b*c) a+b a+c (a+b)*(a+c)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
N-BIT BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Single bit Boolean Algebra can be extended to n-bit Boolean Algebra
by define sum(+), product(*) and complement(‘) as bit-wise
operations
• Let a = 1101010, b = 1011011
• a + b = 1101010 + 1011011 = 1111011
• a * b = 1101010 * 1011011 = 1001010
• a’ = 1101010’ = 0010101
Principle of Duality
The dual of a statement S is obtained by interchanging * and +; 0
and 1.
Dual of (a*1)*(0+a’) = 0 is (a+0)+(1*a’) = 1
Dual of any theorem in a Boolean Algebra is also a theorem.
This is called the Principle of Duality.
NAMED THEOREMS
All of the following theorems can be proven based on the axioms.
They are used so often that they have names.
Idempotent a+a=a a*a=a
Boundedness a+1=1 a*0=0
Absorption a + (a*b) = a a*(a+b) = a
Associative (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) (a*b)*c=a*(b*c)
The theorems can be proven for a two-bit Boolean Algebra using

a truth table, but you must use the axioms to prove it in
general for all Boolean Algebras.
MORE NAMED THEOREMS
Involution (a’)’ = a
DeMorgan’s (a+b)’ = a’ * b’ (a*b)’=a’ + b’
DeMorgan’s Laws are particularly important in circuit design. It says that you can get rid
of a complemented output by complementing all the inputs and changing ANDs to ORs.
(More about circuits coming up…)
PROOF USING THEOREMS
• Use the properties of Boolean Algebra to reduce (x + y)(x + x) to x. Warning, make sure
you use the laws precisely.
(x + y)(x + x) Given
(x + y)x Idempotent
x(x + y) Commutative
x Absorption
Unlike truth tables, proofs using Theorems are valid for any boolean algebra,
but just bits.

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CSCI 240

• We observed in our introduction that early in the development of

• In order to work with binary circuits, it is helpful to have a

• George Boole (1813-1864) developed a mathematical structure

• A Boolean Algebra B is defined as a 5-tuple {B, +, *, ’, 0, 1}

Axiom #5: Identity Element

Axiom #6: Distributive

Axiom #7: Complement Element

a b c bc a+(bc) a+b a+c (a+b)*(a+c)

The theorems can be proven for a two-bit Boolean Algebra using

DeMorgan’s (a+b)’ = a’ * b’ (a*b)’=a’ + b’

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