PLANNING AND URBAN PLANNING

PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN

background
history of settlements
theories and practices in city planning
settlement planning in the Philippines
Kevin Lynch’s image of the city
Ian Bentley’s levels of responsive environments
urban form and function
urban models
urban design controls
emerging theories in urban design
site planning
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Times
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban areas:

potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano

eruptions, etc.)
presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other
natural resources
slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses
climate
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Time
Innovations that influenced the development of
the earliest cities
- The plow and rectilinear farming.

- Circular and radiocentric planning

- for herding and eventually for defense
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
7000 – 9000 b.c.
Neolithic cities
- Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.
- A well-organized community of about 3000 people
- Built around a reliable source of freshwater
- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall
- Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts followed

- Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

-First documented settlement
with streets
-The main street heading uphill
was narrow but had a wider terminal,
which may have been a social spot
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

-Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor)

-Circa 7000 b.c.

-Largest neolithic city-

13 hectares; 10,000 people
-An intricately assembled
complex without streets
-Included shrines and quarters
for specialized crafts, production
of paintings, textile, metal, etc.

-Rested on a new rationale for the

city at that time- trade
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2000 – 4000 b.c.
- Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris
and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
- Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.
- Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
- Babylon: the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
3000 b.c.
-Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley
- characterized by monumental architecture
-cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple
plazas and tombs cut from rock

-worker’s communities
were built in cells along
narrow roads
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

- Tel-el-Amarna

- An example of a typical
Egyptian city with the
following:
(1) central area
(2) north suburb
(3) south city
(4) custom’s house
(5) worker’s village
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2500 b.c.
- Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)
-Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa:
-administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
-archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization
lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.
1900 b.c.
-Yellow River Valley of China-
“land within the passes”. Precursor of Linear City.
- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
800 b.c.
- Beijing- founded in approximately same location it’s in today
-present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
b.c. to a.d
- Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by
the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land.

- Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c. Greek Classical Citi
- Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region –
westward to France and Spain

-“polis” : defined as a “city-state”. Most famous is the

Acropolis- a religious and defensive structure up on the
hills, with no definite geometrical plan
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c.
- Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)
- Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities)
400 b.c.
-Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced
the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace)

-Miletus
- 3 sections:
for artisans, farmers,
and the military
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Roman Classical Cit
-Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different
scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy
- Roman Forums
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems, fountains, etc.

- Developed housing variations and other spaces:

Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts
Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol
Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central
atrium
Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
- Romans incorporated public works and arts
into city designs
- Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Medieval Age
- Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over
Europe where growth revolved around
- Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns

- Sienna and
Constantinople:
signified the
rise of the
Church

-Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and

sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

- 11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns

- many of these coastal

towns grew from military
fortifications, but expansion
was limited to what the city
could support

- Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size

- World trade and travel created major population
concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice
- Growth eventually led to congestion and slums
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Renaissance and Baroque pe
- 15th Century France: display of power
- Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning and urban design
- Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the
arts- the first “university town”
- Landscape architecture showcased palaces
and gardens

karlsruhe (Germany) Versailles (France)

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Settlements in the Americ
1. Medieval Organic City - taken after the “boug”
(military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of
the medieval ages
2. Medieval Bastide - taken from the French bastide
(eventually referred to as “new towns”)
- came in the form of grids or radial plans
reflecting flexibility

3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town - King

Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3 types
of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio
(military), and the mission (religious)
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
4. The English Renaissance - “the European
Planned City” – ex. Savannah (designed
by James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis,
and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson)

- Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially

recognized historical district
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS

Annapolis Williamsburg
– government bldgs were – plan was anchored by
focal points of the plan, the Governor’s palace,
though a civic square the state capitol, and
was also provided the College of William
and Mary
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
5. The Speculators Town - developments were
driven by speculation
- Philadelphia– designed by William Penn

- Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolutio
- The “Machine Age” - change from manpower
to assembly lines
- 2 schools of thought- the “reform movements”
and the “specialists”
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolution
- the reform movements:
- Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England)
-Designed for 800 to 1200 persons
-With agricultural, light industrial,
educational, and recreational facilities
- the “Owenite Communities”:
- New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
- Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of
New England Planners
- Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out
Salt-lake City, Utah)
 HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle )

Locational features
may have been a
precursor to modern
zoning

Ideas and theories

adopted by Dutch
Architect JJP Oud
in the design of
Rotterdam
THEORIES AND PRACTICES
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
The Garden Cities
- Ebenezer Howard – author of “Tomorrow:
A Peaceful Path To Social Reform”
- Garden City plans - cluster with a mother town
of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller garden cities
of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green
space separating the cities with the towns
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Garden City Association- established by
Howard in 1899

Letchworth:
first Garden City
designed by
Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker
in 1902

-Consisted of
4,500 acres
(3000 for agriculture,
1500 for city proper)
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Welwyn, 1920
(by Louis de Soisson)

-brought formality and

Georgian taste

-Hampstead Garden Suburbs- meant only for housing but

with a variety of housing types lined along streets with
terminating axes on civic buildings in a large common green
THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City Beautiful Movement
-Influenced by the world fairs of
the late 19th century, like the 1891
Columbian Exposition, Chicago

-Emphasis was on grand formal

designs, with wide boulevards,
civic spaces, arts, etc.
-Daniel Burnham spearheaded
the movement with his design
for Chicago and his famous words:
“make no little plans…”
-Also credited for the designs of
San Francisco and Cleveland
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Baron Hausmann- worked on the reconstruction
of Paris- linear connection between the place de
concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower and others

Champs d’ Elysee
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Brasilia New Capitals
- capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-
century city
- Designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence
from Le Corbusier

-with two huge axes in the sign

of the cross, one for gov’t,
commerce, and entertainment,
the other for the residential
component

-Oscar Niemeyer was among

the architects employed to
design the buildings
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Chandigarh
- Capital of Punjab
province of India,
and the only
realized plan of
Le Corbusier

-Original Master Plan by Albert Myer

-A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport
surrounding residential superblocks or sections each
based on the rectangle and measuring 800x1200 meters
-The whole plan represents a large scale application of the
Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s
predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Canberra, Australia in 1901
- Canberra’s design taken from the principles of the
city beautiful movement

design reflected the

principles of the city beautiful
movement with a triangular
formation of three important
buildings:
the Court of Justice,
the Parliament House,
and the Capitol Building,
with each apex pointing
to another important
building or monument
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

New Delhi, India

- Designed by Sir Edward Lutyens
-based on the great east-west axis
of Kingsway, 1.5 miles long,
with the Government House on a
hilltop in the West end, and
the eastern counterpoint a large
hexagonal space reserved for
palaces of the native princes.

-covers 2650 hectares, yet growth

beyond a population of 57,000
was not contemplated as low
garden-city type density was
envisioned
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City of Towers
-Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book
-“the Cities of Tomorrow”

-His first plan for high

density living was
Unite d’ Habitation,
in Marseilles

-A “super building
with 337 dwellings in
10 acres of land
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high

rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt
for a population of 3,000,000 people

- New York City – present day city of towers along

with Houston, Chicago, Toronto
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Broadacres Frank Lloyd Wright
FLW proposed that every family in the U.S.
live in one acre of land. Problems with lack of land
lead to his design of the…
- The Mile High Tower
Proposed to house a
significant amount of
Manhattan residents to
free up space for
greenfields
10 or more of these could
possibly replace all
Manhattan buildings
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Radical Ideas
- The Linear City-
proposed by
Spanish Engineer
Soria Y Mata

-Stalingrad
-N.A Milyutin,
1930
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Arcology Alternative– the 3D city by
Paolo Soleri
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Motopia
- Proposed by Edgar Chambless
- Vehicular traffic will be along
rooftops of a continuous
network of buildings, while
the streets will be for
pedestrian use only

-Science Cities
- Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary
urban designers that proposed underwater cities,
“biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Floating City- Kiyonori Kikutake
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Barbican City– a 63 acre area. mixed used
development that was built in response to the
pressures of the automobile. An early type of
Planned Urban development that had all
amenities in one compound with multi-level
circulation patterns.
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- by Clarence Perry and The Neighborhood Un
Clarence Stein, defined
as the Physical
Environment wherein
social, cultural,
educational, and
commercial are within
easy reach of each other
- concerns self sustainability
of smaller units
- the elementary school as the
center of development
determines the size of the
neighborhood
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
Contemporary World Urbaniza
-“Millionaire” cities- large cities were the exception
prior to the twentieth century, but a few did exist in
antiquity.
- Leading World Cities in 900 a.d.:

city population
Baghdad (Iraq) 900,000
Changan (China) 500,000
Constantinople 300,000
(Turkey)
Kyoto (Japan) 200,000
Cordova (Spain) 200,000
 THEORIES and PRACTICES

-Large cities subsequently dwindled in the middle

ages.
-Millionaire cities generally did not emerge until the
20th century
-Leading World Cities in 1900

city population city population

London 6,480,000 Vienna 1,662,000
New York 4,242,000 Tokyo 1,497,000
Paris 3,330,000 Leningrad 1,439,000
Berlin 2,424,000 Philadelphia 1,418,000
Chicago 1,717,000 Manchester 1,255,000
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Industrial Revolution- generated jobs,
increased productivity, and opened up mass
markets for goods.
- Factors that contributed to urban growth:
- Transportation innovations, specially
“farm to market” roads
- Improved infrastructure
- Iron and steel construction technology
- the electric elevator
- Improved medicine
 THEORIES and PRACTICES
- “Megalopolis” – concept coined by Jean Gottmann
for urban complexes in the Northeastern United
States.

- The term means “Great City” in Greek. Today it is

used to refer to massive urban concentrations
created from strong physical linkages between
three or more large cities.
Boston – New York – Philadelphia – Washington (U.S.A.)
San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco (U.S.A.)
Dortmund – Essen – Duesseldorf (Germany)
The Hague – Rotterdam – Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Tokyo – Yokohama – Nagoya – Osaka – Kobe (Japan)
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Pre-colonial Times

- Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino

communities developed out of the need for their
inhabitants to band together.

- They were formed for security, or to be close to

critical resources like food and water. Most of
the earliest towns were by the coast for the
fisherfolk or were where there was abundant
agricultural land for the farmers.
- The community unit was the barangay, consisting
of 30 to 100 families.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The Spanish Colonial Times

Laws of the Indies

- In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the
Indies that established uniform standards and
planning procedures for colonial settlements.
- These laws provided guidelines for site selection,
layout and dimensioning of streets and squares,
the location of civic and religious buildings,
open space, cultivation and pasturing lands,
and even the main procedural phases of
planning and construction.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
- The Plaza Complex-
a result of several
ordinances of the
Laws of the Indies.
- The plaza is
surrounded by
important buildings
such as the:
Catholic church
Municipal or town hall
Marketplace and merchant’s
stores
Elementary school
The homes of the “principalia”
Other government buildings
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Intramuros

- The walled city of Manila

- 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
- home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the
high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and settlements were
built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among
other areas
Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The American Period
The American Agenda
- guide urban growth and physical development
- put more emphasis on other values such as
sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements.
Daniel Burnham
- Architect / planner who designed Chicago, San
Francisco, and parts of Washington D.C.
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Luneta

-Brought in to design Manila and the

“summer capital” of Baguio
 Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Burnham’s Design for Manila
- Designed with
grand avenues and
a strong central
civic core
- Included a civic
mall to house
national buildings
(only the Finance &
Agriculture buildings
were built)

- Fronted Manila Bay

like most Baroque
plans fronted a large body of water
Settlement Planning in the Phils.

Manila as the first chartered city

- On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of
Manila was incorporated
- Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of
Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco,
and Pandacan.
- The population then was 190,000 people