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    4-Sedimentary Rock-Texture and Structure

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    dian israyani
    This document summarizes key concepts in the petrology of sedimentary rocks including: 1) How transport affects texture and rounding of grains. 2) Definitions of sediment texture including grain size, sorting, shape, fabric, and porosity. 3) Descriptions of different sedimentary structures like graded bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks that provide information about depositional environments. 4) References for further reading on sedimentary petrology.

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    4-Sedimentary Rock-Texture and Structure

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    dian israyani
    127 views27 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts in the petrology of sedimentary rocks including: 1) How transport affects texture and rounding of grains. 2) Definitions of sediment texture including grain size, sorting, shape, fabric, and porosity. 3) Descriptions of different sedimentary structures like graded bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks that provide information about depositional environments. 4) References for further reading on sedimentary petrology.

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    This document summarizes key concepts in the petrology of sedimentary rocks including: 1) How transport affects texture and rounding of grains. 2) Definitions of sediment texture including grain size, sorting, shape, fabric, and porosity. 3) Descriptions of different sedimentary structures like graded bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks that provide information about depositional environments. 4) References for further reading on sedimentary petrology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    127 views27 pages

    4-Sedimentary Rock-Texture and Structure

    Uploaded by

    dian israyani
    This document summarizes key concepts in the petrology of sedimentary rocks including: 1) How transport affects texture and rounding of grains. 2) Definitions of sediment texture including grain size, sorting, shape, fabric, and porosity. 3) Descriptions of different sedimentary structures like graded bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks that provide information about depositional environments. 4) References for further reading on sedimentary petrology.

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    of 27

    Petrology of Sedimentary Rock

    Texture and Structure


    Transport Effects
    • Sediments are modified by transport.
    • Sorting: uniformity of grain size.
    • Rounding: relative sphericity. Sediment grains
    start out as angular grains. With transport,
    sediments become more spherical.
    • Maturity: unstable minerals (feldspar, micas)
    are removed with transport and by chemical
    weathering.
    Sediment Texture
    • Definition: refers to the shape, size, and three-
    dimensional arrangement of the particles that
    make up sediment or sedimentary rock.
    1. Grain size
    2. Grain sorting
    3. Grain shape
    4. Fabric
    5. Porosity and permeability
    1. Grain size
    Conglomerate vs Breccia
    Conglomerate
    • Both are composed of
    particles greater than 2
    mm in diameter.
    • Conglomerate consists
    of rounded gravels.
    • Breccia is made of
    Breccia
    large angular particles.
    • Indicates distant of
    transportation from
    source.
    2. Grain sorting

    3. Grain shape

    Poorly
    Very angular Angular Subangular Rounded Well rounded
    rounded
    Textural maturity classification
    4. Sediment fabric
    • Fabric refers to the textural characteristics
    displayed by aggregates of grains.
    1. Grain packing: function of the size and shape of
    grains and the post deposition physical and chemical
    processes that bring about compaction of sediment.
    2. Grain orientation: function of the physical processes
    and conditions operating at the time of deposition.
    Original grain orientation can be modified after
    deposition by the activity of organism (bioturbation)
    and to some extent by the processes of compaction
    during diagenesis.
    Sediment fabric

    Grain supported Matrix supported


    Paralel Perpendicular Imbricated

    Important for paleocurrent estimation


    5. Porosity and Permeability
    • Porosity: ratio of pore space in a
    sediment or sedimentary rock to
    the total volume of the rock.
    – Primary Porosity
    1. Intergranular or interparticle; pore
    space between grains.
    2. Intragranular or intraparticle; pore
    space within grains.
    3. Intercrystalline; pore space between
    crystals.
    – Secondary Porosity
    1. Solution porosity; dissolution of
    cement or framework grains.
    2. Intercrystalline porosity; arising from
    pore space in cements or among other
    authigenic minerals.
    3. Fracture porosity; fracturing by
    tectonic forces or by process of
    compaction and desiccation.
    • Permeability: ability of a medium
    to transmit a fluid.

    Choquette and Pray (1970)


    Volume (%) estimation diagram
    Sediment Structures
    • Preserve historic information about earth
    processes.
    • Physical processes by water and/or wind.
    • Biogenic origin; formed by burrowing, boring,
    browsing.
    1. Bedding
    2. Irregular stratification
    3. Bedding-plane markings
    4. Other structures
    Thickness of beds and laminae
    Campbell (1967)
    Graded Bedding
    • Graded beds are strata characterized by gradual but distinct
    vertical changes in grain size.
    • Normal grading: gradually coarse in the bottom to finer at the
    top.
    • Reverse or inverse grading: finer at bottom and coarser at the
    top.
    • Bouma sequence (1962; ideal graded bedding):
    A. Massif, well graded
    B. Lower parallel laminae
    C. Ripple cross-laminated
    D. Upper parallel laminae
    E. Structureless mud unit
    A

    A
    Cross bedding
    • Strata in which internal layers, or foresets, dip at a distinct angle to
    the surfaces that bound the sets of cross-beds.
    • Tabular cross-bedding: bounding surface planar.
    • Trough cross-bedding/festoon bedding: bounding surface curved.
    Ripple cross-lamination
    • Ripple cross-lamination: general appearance
    of waves when viewed in outcrop sections cut
    normal to the wave crests.
    Flaser and lenticular bedding
    • Flaser and lenticular bedding: thin streaks of
    mud occur between sets of ripple laminae.

    mud

    mud

    mud

    mud
    Hummocky cross stratification
    • Hummocky cross stratification: undulating
    sets of cross-laminae that both concave-up
    and convex-up.
    Ripple marks
    • Ripple marks: ripples in the sediment that occur
    owing to traction transport of granular material.
    Irregular stratification
    • Irregular structure formed by deformation,
    erosional, or biogenic structures.
    Slump structure
    Stromatolite structure

    Slump structure
    Bedding plane marking
    • Bedding-plane markings occur on the tops of beds or on
    the undersides of beds by transportation activity or
    organisms activity.
    Mud crack
    Ripple mark

    Bottom part

    Flute cast

    Bottom part
    Other structure
    Concretion Nodule limestone

    Stilolite
    Reference
    • Petrology of sedimentary rocks, Boggs, 1992.
    • Petrology Igneous, Sedimentary, and
    Metamorphic rocks, Blatt and Tracy, 2001.
    • A colour guide to the petrography of
    carbonate rocks, AAPG Memoir 77, Scholle
    and Ulmer-Scholle, 2003.

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