Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 213 views

    Prentice Hall: Earth Science

    Uploaded by

    Aliana Cabaluna
    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through processes like crystallization from magma, precipitation, and hydrothermal solutions. They can be classified into groups based on their composition, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The document outlines several properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and other unique properties like magnetism or taste. It provides examples of how these properties are exhibited in common minerals like halite.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Prentice Hall: Earth Science

    Uploaded by

    Aliana Cabaluna
    213 views30 pages
    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through processes like crystallization from magma, precipitation, and hydrothermal solutions. They can be classified into groups based on their composition, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The document outlines several properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and other unique properties like magnetism or taste. It provides examples of how these properties are exhibited in common minerals like halite.

    Original Description:

    Minerals

    Original Title

    Minerals

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through processes like crystallization from magma, precipitation, and hydrothermal solutions. They can be classified into groups based on their composition, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The document outlines several properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and other unique properties like magnetism or taste. It provides examples of how these properties are exhibited in common minerals like halite.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    213 views30 pages

    Prentice Hall: Earth Science

    Uploaded by

    Aliana Cabaluna
    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through processes like crystallization from magma, precipitation, and hydrothermal solutions. They can be classified into groups based on their composition, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The document outlines several properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and other unique properties like magnetism or taste. It provides examples of how these properties are exhibited in common minerals like halite.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    Prentice Hall

    EARTH SCIENCE

    Tarbuck  Lutgens
    Chapter

    Minerals
    2
    2.1 Matter

    Atoms
     Energy levels, or shells
    • surround the nucleus
    • contain electrons—negatively charged particles
     The atomic number is the number of protons
    in the nucleus of an atom.
    2.2 Minerals

    Definition of a Mineral
    1. Naturally occurring
    2. Solid substance
    3. Orderly crystalline structure
    4. Definite chemical composition
    5. Generally considered inorganic
    2.2 Minerals

    How Minerals Form


    1. Crystallization from magma
    2. Precipitation
    3. Pressure and temperature
    4. Hydrothermal solutions
    Minerals Formed as a Result of
    Crystallization of Magma
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
     Can be classified based on their
    composition
    1. Silicates
    • Silicon and oxygen combine to form a
    structure called the silicon-oxygen
    tetrahedron. This silicon-oxygen
    tetrahedron provides the framework of
    every silicate mineral.
    The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
    2. Carbonates
    • Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
    oxygen, and one or more other metallic
    elements
    3. Oxides
    • Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more
    other elements, which are usually metals
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
    4. Sulfates and Sulfides
    • Minerals that contain the element sulfur
    5. Halides
    • Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus
    one or more other elements
    6. Native elements
    • Minerals that exist in relatively pure form
    Sulfides
    Native Copper
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    1. Color
     Small amounts of different
    elements can give the same mineral
    different colors.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    2. Streak
     Streak is the color of a mineral in
    its powdered form.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals
    3. Luster
     Luster is used to describe how light is
    reflected from the surface of a mineral.
    a. Metallic – generally opaque and
    exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a
    polished metal
    b. Non-metallic – vitreous (glassy),
    adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like),
    resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy),
    greasy, etc.
    Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays
    Metallic Luster.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    4. Crystal Form
     Crystal form is the visible
    expression
    of a mineral’s internal arrangement
    of atoms.
     A mineral that do not have a crystal
    structure is described as
    amorphous.
    Quartz Often Exhibits
    Good Crystal Form.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    5. Hardness
     Hardness is a measure of the
    resistance of a mineral to being
    scratched.
     Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals
    arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1
    (softest).
    Mohs Scale of Hardness
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    6. Cleavage
     Cleavage is the tendency of a
    mineral to cleave, or break,
    along flat, even surfaces.
    Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    7. Fracture
     Minerals that do not show cleavage
    when broken are said to fracture.
     Fracture—the uneven breakage of
    a mineral
     Minerals may not have cleavages
    but exhibit broken surfaces that are
    irregular and non-planar.
    Conchoidal Fracture
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    8. Density
     Density is a property of all
    matter that is the ratio of an
    object’s mass to its volume.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Distinctive Properties of Minerals


     Some minerals can be
    recognized by other
    distinctive properties.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals
     9. Others
    There are certain unique properties of
    minerals that actually help in their
    identification (e.g. magnetism, odor,
    taste, tenacity, reaction to acid,
    etc.). Magnetite is strongly magnetic;
    sulfur has distinctive smell; halite is
    salty; calcite fizzes with acid as with
    dolomite but in powdered form.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

     Examples of mineral use in


    our daily lives:
    1. Halite (salt) for cooking
    2. Graphite (pencil) for writing
    3. Diamond and Gold as jewelry
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Distinctive Properties of Minerals


     Some minerals can be
    recognized by other distinctive
    properties.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals
     Mineral Name: HALITE (TABLE SALT)
    Chemical Composition : NaCl
    Luster: non-metallic–vitreous; transparent to
    translucent
    Hardness : soft
    Streak: white
    Crystal Form / Habit: cubic
    Cleavage: perfect cubic
    Specific Gravity: light (2.2)
    Other Properties: salty taste; very soluble;
    produces reddish spark in flame

    You might also like