Population Migration (cont.

)
• Refugees/ Asylum seekers
• Internally Displaced People (IDPs)
• Push/ Pull Factors
• Chain Migration
• Remittances
• Short term migrants/ guest workers
• Amnesty
Case Studies:
• Sanctuary Cities • Trail of Tears
• Diaspora • Cuba
• Sahel
• Birthright/ Anchor babies • Three Gorges
• Central American
• Brain Drain/ Gain
Caravan
 What is a refugee?
• someone who has fled from his or her home country and
cannot return because he or she has a well-founded fear
of persecution based on religion, race, nationality, political
opinion or membership in a particular social group
• A refugee is different from an immigrant. An immigrant is
a person who chooses to settle permanently in another
country. Refugees are forced to flee. (from Canadian
govt. website)
• United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)
operates refugee camps
Mr.
Guterres is
now the
Secretary-
General of
the U.N.
Where migrants are leaving yellow dot
and arriving red dot 2001

2001 saw ~500,000 refugees fleeing primarily Middle-Eastern countries, such as

Afghanistan and Macedonia, and African countries, such as Sudan and the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
 Where migrants are leaving yellow dot
and arriving red dot 2005

The total number of refugees had hit its lowest point since 1980, with an estimated
8.4 million refugees worldwide. That's 1 million fewer than the start of 2005. Pakistan
and Iran were the two main asylum countries.
 Where migrants are leaving yellow dot
and arriving red dot 2010

Thailand saw surges of Myanmar refugees due to ongoing civil war. A wave of
migrants from Cuba also made their way to the US and Puerto Rico.
 Where migrants are leaving yellow dot
and arriving red dot 2015

The Syrian refugee crisis become the dominant movement of displaced persons. A
million people have arrived in Europe, and a similar number in South Africa. Despite
political fears, the US remains almost a non-player on the global stage.
Refugees
As of 2017, 55% of refugees worldwide
came from three nations.
What Happens to Refugees in EU?
• All refugees in Europe are required to individually apply for
asylum with the authorities of the country where they first
arrived
• Many of them move away from the Mediterranean
countries, many go to places like Germany
• The application process can take months or even over a
year
• While their applications are processed, many asylum
seekers await decisions in government-run facilities such
as repurposed schools, hotels or airports, where they are
provided food and medical care
• In most European countries, asylum seekers are initially
prohibited from working, though they sometimes have
access to the labor market if the application process is
delayed beyond several months
Who can sponsor refugees in Canada?
Private sponsors:
• Sponsorship Agreement Holders (legally created religious,
ethnic, community, or humanitarian organizations located in
Canada)
• Groups of Five (five or more Canadian citizens or permanent
residents who have arranged to sponsor a refugee living
abroad to come to Canada)
• Community Sponsors (may only sponsor applicants who are
recognized as refugees by either the UNHCR or a foreign
state.
What happens to refugees to Canada?
• Canadian govt. video
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-
citizenship/news/video/claiming-refugee-status.html
How is Europe responding to the arrival of
refugees?
• Tensions in the EU have
been rising because of
the disproportionate
burden faced by some
countries
• Biggest problems in the
countries where the
majority of migrants have
been arriving: Greece,
Italy and Hungary.
 Refugee Camp, Germany

Refugees
wait in a
crowded
migrant
registration
center in
Passau,
southern
Germany
Refugee vs. Asylum Seeker

• An asylum seeker
is a person who
has sought
protection as a
refugee, but
whose claim for
refugee status has
not yet been
assessed.
Where are the asylum seekers in Europe
from?
Asylum seekers
• If an asylum seeker’s application is approved, she or he
receives residency status for a certain number of years
and can look for work
• If an application is rejected, an individual can file an
appeal and wait, again, for a new decision. This can take
many more months.
• Or applicants who are rejected may be returned to their
home countries or sent to a non-EU country.
• Some also remain in Europe as unauthorized immigrants.
Internally Displaced People (IDPs)

• People are displaced

within the borders of
their own countries
by armed conflict,
generalized violence,
and human rights
violations.
• Yemen, Iraq, Ukraine,
Sudan, Dem. Rep. of
Congo, Afghanistan,
Syria, Colombia,
Nigeria
South Sudan
Human Flow
PBS review Oct., 2017 https://www.pbs.org/video/ai-weiwei-human-flow-
tcbzd1/
• Human Flow trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_YbgOZYrOc
More than 65 million people around the world have been
forced from their homes to escape famine, climate change
and war, the greatest displacement since World War II.
• Filmmaker Ai Weiwei examines the staggering scale of
the refugee crisis and its profoundly personal human
impact.
• Over the course of one year in 23 countries, Weiwei
follows a chain of urgent human stories that stretch
across the globe, including Afghanistan, France, Greece,
Germany and Iraq.
Chain Migration
• People following those of the same
nationality who went before them
Migration and Remittances
• Immigrants help both the countries they leave and those
to which they move through remittances

The Economist 3 mins. Video 2009

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcoOENLfpUI
 2012
Mexico
China
India

Canada is in the top per capita bracket of remittance senders

India, China & Mexico top recipients
Which
countries
receive
remittances?
Remittance
s to the
Philippines
~10% of
GDP
Temporary Foreign Workers
• 30,000 seasonal agricultural workers in Canada
• Work 6-7 days a week, 45-60 hours a week and more
during busier periods.
• Health care coverage and extended WSIB coverage
Canada and
Temporary Foreign Worker Program
(TFWP)
• Implemented in 2011, the "four and
four" law stipulates that foreign
nationals can only work in Canada
for four years at a time. After a
temporary foreign worker has
reached their four-year limit, they
will not be granted another work
permit in Canada for the next four
years. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment- 2015
social-development/services/foreign-
workers.html
90,211
Liberal Government update website

Should Canada encourage

temporary foreign workers
rather than immigrants?
Guest Workers
Temporary migrants workers in the Gulf Countries
• Qatar: Al Jazeera 3 mins. 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NmxUDXP4LI
• Modern slavery in Gulf Countries The REAL News 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D_O3tU3Vss

Al Jazeera Media
Network is funded by
the House of Thani, the
ruling family of Qatar
Video news and
documentary
service based in
Baltimore, MD and
Toronto
http://therealnews.
com/t2/contact-us
Amnesty
Spain
• Six amnesties in 20 years. The number of illegal
immigrants applying under the schemes rose from 44,000
to 700,000 - a 15-fold increase.
United States
• 2.7m qualified for the amnesty in 1986.
• By 2000 ~ 9.3m illegal immigrants
• 80,000+ undocumented children expected to cross into
the U.S. during 2014.
• ~11.3 million illegal immigrants/ removable aliens in
U.S.A. in 2015
California granted an illegal alien a license to
practice law in the state in 2014.
California now issues driver’s licenses to illegals.
Dream Act
2014
supporters
Dream Act 2014 protestors
 Anti and Pro-
Groups Face Each
Other At I-94
Overpass In Oak
Creek, Wisconsin
2014

Pro-immigrant
supporters
outnumbered
them by two to
one.
http://www.officialteapartyusa.com
http://www.limitstogrowth.org/
Amnesty USA
• In 2014 Obama introduced an amnesty program that
would allow many parents of children who are
American citizens or legal residents to obtain legal
work documents and no longer worry about being
discovered, separated from their families and sent
away.
• In 2015 courts ruled against plan.
• In 2016 Trump elected
American illegal Immigration
• Numbers of illegal
immigrants stable
• 52% were Mexicans in
2014; declining in both
numbers and share
• Most illegal immigrants
live in 6 states
(California, Florida,
Illinois, New Jersey,
New York and Texas)
• 4 million unauthorized
immigrant parents lived
with their U.S.-born
children in 2012.
 Sanctuary Cities
• ~300 American cities do not co-operate with Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Homeland Security in dealing
with illegal immigrants and their possible deportation.

E.g. San Francisco, LA, Miami, New York City-Newark, Chicago

• Illegals are more likely to work with law enforcement if they are
not afraid of deportation

http://www.foxnews.com/politics
/2017/10/09/sanctuary-cities-
what-are.html
Sanctuary Cities
• Sanctuary movement mandates that those who broke the
law by entering the United States without permission
should be able to do so with impunity.
• Treats immigration laws as essentially invalid but
dismisses the entire concept of borders, national
sovereignty and border security as a mindless
impediment to welcoming all comers
• Kate’s Law – in honour of 32 year old Kate Steinle
murdered by Juan Lopez-Sanchez, an illegal Mexican
immigrant (deported 5 times) 2015
• Significantly increases mandatory minimum sentencing
• Concern with cost
http://www.officialteapartyusa.com/
"Innovative regions of the world depend
on ambitious, creative people who come
from other parts of the world to contribute
to our economy," said Sam Liccardo of
Silicon Valley.
"I think cities that become viewed as
hostile toward immigrants will ultimately
be forced to rethink their approach."
Diaspora

• a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller

geographic locale
• movement of the population from its established or
ancestral homeland.
Diaspora
 Famous expatriate: Mahatma Gandhi who went to
Diaspora England to study law (1888), then to South Africa to
work. He came back to India in 1915 and wrote the
country’s history.
Birth Right or Jus soli
• If you are born in a country, you automatically become a citizen of that country.
• British common law “right of the soil”
• Most countries grant citizenship based on the principle of jus sanguins “right of
blood” , not place of birth. Inherit citizenship of the parent
• Trump plans to sign an executive order that would end birthright citizenship for
babies born in the United States to parents who aren’t citizens.
• What is birthright citizenship -- and can Donald Trump get rid of it? Nov. 1, 2018
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2jzABGerpM

"Barron Trump was born in March 2006 and

Melania wasn’t a legal citizen until July 2006. So
under the propsed executive order, would his
own son not qualify to be an American citizen."
Birth Tourism
• Travel to another country for the purpose of giving
birth in that country
• The United States, Canada, and Mexico all grant
unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual
citizenship. The United States taxes its citizens
and green card holders worldwide, even if they
have never lived in the country.
• To discourage birth tourism, Australia, France,
Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and
the United Kingdom have modified their citizenship
laws at different times, granting citizenship by birth
only if at least one parent is a citizen of the country
or a legal permanent resident who has lived in the
country for several years.
Brain Drain
• Under a voluntary code adopted by the World Health
Assembly in 2011, wealthy countries are supposed to
provide financial assistance to source countries that suffer
losses because of the foreign recruitment of their health
workers.
Origins of UofT’s First Year Students
From 111 countries and more than 900 municipalities
/
Brain Drain
• Canada has saved ~$400 million by poaching doctors from Africa.
• The African countries that trained those doctors have lost billions of
dollars as a result of medical migration.
• 22% of Canada's physicians are foreign-trained. (50% in Saskatchewan)

Medical students in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Voluntary vs. Involuntary vs. Reluctant
Migration

Which type of migration are represented by the following?

• ~12 million people came from Africa to USA between 1500 and 1810
• Convicts settled Australia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
• Blacks moved to cities in the northeastern USA after WWI
• Relocation of non-Russians to Siberia gulags during Stalin’s era 1930s & 1940s
• Japanese moved to interior of BC during WW II
• Palestinians to Jordan, Syria, & Egypt after the creation of Israel
• Vietnamese to US after Vietnam was taken over by Communists in 1975
• Kurds relocated to Turkey after 1st Gulf War
• Muslims from N. Africa go to France & other western European countries
• ~220,000 people immigrate to Canada every year.
Migration Overview
The Economist 2009 video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcoOENLfpUI
The forced expulsion and resettlement of culture
groups through the use of fear and violence, such as
the conflicts with the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, is
known as:
a) Insurgency
b) Diaspora
c) Chain migration
d) Relocation diffusions
e) Ethnic cleansing

e) Ethnic cleansing
All of the following are examples of forced
migration EXCEPT:
a) the Trail of Tears in the early 19th century
b) The Atlantic slave trade
c) The California gold rush in the mid-19th century
d) The Irish Potato Famine from 1840s to 1850s
e) The Japanese internment camps during WWII

c) The California gold rush in the mid-19th century

The act of migrants sending money to family in
their home country is termed:
a) Alimony
b) Allowance
c) Subsidence
d) Remittance
e) Restitution

d) Remittance
Reflection
1. What is the distance that migrants typically move?
2. How has it changed over time?
3. How has the pattern of Canada’s immigration changed?
Why?
4. Should the Canadian government offer citizenship to its
guest workers?
5. Should the United States government offer amnesty to
its ~ 11 million illegal immigrants?
6. In what ways are reactions to immigrants today similar
to those of a century ago?
Immigrants Prospects in Canada
• In 2000 60% of immigrants went to Ontario
• In 2010 42% went to Ontario
• Immigration to Western Canada has surged, especially in Alberta,
Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
• Booming western economy, particularly in the farming and resource
sectors

Job market and Immigrants CBC 5 mins. Video May 12, 2011
http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/05/12/f-video-amanda-lang-
immigrants-recession.html
Immigrant Urban Settlement
Between 2001 and 2006, the vast majority of new
immigrants (93.7%) settled in one of Canada's major cities.
Foreign Born

Calgary

Vancouver Foreign Born

Toronto

0% 20% 40% 60%

 Markham Ajax

http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/images/nhshi11-1-6.jpg
Mexican officials quietly helping thousands of Haitian
illegal immigrants reach U.S.
The Washington Times - Monday, October 10, 2016
Internal Migration
• How people move around within a country
• Mean centre of USA population from 1790 to 2010

1790

2010
Changing
Centre of
US
Population
2010
1800 to
2010
Same content/
different
source
Sun Belt • Southern California, Texas, Florida
• Sunburnt areas
Internal Migration:
China
The largest migration in history:
China's migrant workers
The Economist 3 mins. Video
2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNXg-kYk-LU

1. What is the cost of migration?

• Time away from families
2. What is the rural to urban gap?
3. Where is most of the growth in China?
• Growth mostly on the coast
• GDP of European countries
4. What has stopped the urban migration?
• Manufacturing moving inland
Urbanization
1. How does Chinese urbanization compare to other countries?
• 40% in cities in China in 2002 vs. North America where 80% live in
cities
2. What are the benefits from urbanization?
• Market for Chinese goods China’s Hukou
3. What is the Hukou? system, or household
4. What are the problems of urbanization?
• Lack of young people on the farms
registration system
• determines one's place of
• Lack of jobs
residence.
• Restrict access to schools, hospitals
• gives access to basic
• Rural land can’t be sold welfare and public
• 5. Why doesn’t China have urban slums? services.
• Having farm land to go back to • barrier to urbanization

The Economist 4 mins. 2011

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kc2DtUehj48
 Sources

• http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-foreign-born-population-soars-to-6-
8-million-1.1308179
• http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/HomePageStory/Desertification.htm

Homes and Homelands of Canadians

http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/1-na0211_immigration.pdf
Venezuela refugees
• https://www.facebook.com/unitednations/
• World Food Programme
• Post November 5, 2018
• Driven by hunger and lack of basic needs, thousands of
people are crossing from Venezuela into Colombia every
day.
• Many are on foot, walking thousands of kilometers and
crossing a 3400 meter mountain pass in search of a
better future abroad. The mass exodus is one of the
largest in Latin American history and has become a
regional crisis.