Jai Guru Dev

Maharishi Vidya Mandir

X Social Science

Nationalism in Europe – Notes

Question 1.
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French
Revolution in Europe?
Answer:
It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution
proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Question 2.
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?

Answer:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the
French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its
decisions.

Question 3.

What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms of government.

Question 4.

What were the three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered?

Three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:

1. The Napoleonic Code —It finished all the privileges based on birth and established equality
before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from
serfdom and manorial dues.
3. He introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and common national currency
to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one place to another.

Question 5.
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. (2014 D)
Answer:
The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed.

Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz,
Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. As new administrative
arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility.
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of
Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question 6.
Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new
commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. (2014 OD)
Answer:
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on movement of goods and capital.

1. But in the 19th century Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small
principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and
measures.
2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and
pay 5% duty at each one of them.
3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming
calculations.
Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new
commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free
movement of goods, people and capital.

Question 7.
Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of
Europe. (2015 D)
Answer:

 The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789,
France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
 When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense
of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land
(La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They
were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.

French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
3. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
 4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures
was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became
the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the
people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

Question 8

Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the
statement with arguments.
Answer:
Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed democracy. In the administrative
field, he incorporated revolutionary principles, which were as follows.

 The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on
birth, established equality before the law and gave the right to property.
 The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany,
Switzerland, simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues,
 In towns guild restrictions came to an end.
 Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the
movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
 Transport and communication systems were improved.

Question 9

Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of
Europe.
Answer:
Events of French Revolution that influenced the people of other parts of Europe were as follows.
(a) When the news of the French Revolution reached different cities of Europe, students and other
members of educated middle classes began to set up Jacobin clubs which influenced the French army.
(b) The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
(c) The Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804, abolishing privileges and upholding equality and other
reforms, exported these new ideas to the European regions under French Control.

Question 10

Describe the condition of Aristocracy and peasantry in Europe in the mid 18th century.

Landed Aristocracy:

• The aristocrats were the rich and wealthier people and small in group.

• They own estates in the countryside and also in town houses

• They spoke French in higher class social gathering.

• They set up marriage contacts within their social status.

The peasants :

• The peasants were the small famers.

• They were known as serfs and were assigned to cultivate the vast land holdings of the
aristocrats/landlord.

Question 11

When did Industrialization begin Europe?

It had begun in England in the second half of the 18th century .However it took place in France and
parts of German states during the 19th century.

Consequences:

1.Growth of towns: Emergence of commercial classes-there was growth of towns and the emergence of
commercial classes in western and some parts of Eastern Europe. This was due to growth of industrial
production and trade. The existence of commercial classes was based on production for the market.

2.A new working class and middle classes consisting of industrialists, business men ,professionals
came into existence. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that the idea of national unity
following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Question 12

The Hapsburg empire was a patchwork of many different regions and people, justify the statement.

The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary. It was a patchwork of many different regions and
peoples because:

It included the Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where
the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.

It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within
the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples – Bohemians and Slovaks to the north,
Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Romans to the east in Transylvania.  

Question 13
Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini.

Ans: 1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who wanted to unify Italy into one
nation on the basis of language.

2. He joined the secret society of the Carbonary and later founded two secret societies called
‘Young Italy ‘and ‘Young Europe’

3. He believed that Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It
had to be forged into single unified republic.

4. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics

frightened the conservatives.

5.Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Question 14

What did liberal nationalism stand for in the early 19th century?

OR “Equality before law did necessarily stand for universal suffrage in France after the
revolution”. Explain with suitable examples.

OR What are the political, social and economic ideals supported by the liberals in Europe?

Ans: 1. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe was closely associated to the
ideology of liberalism.

2. For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all
before the law. Liberals demanded for universal adult suffrage.
3. Politically it emphasized the concept of the government by consent. Since French revolution,
liberalism has stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.

4. In 19th century, liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. In economic field,
liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of government imposed restrictions on
the movement of goods.

Question 15
 What is conservatism and point out the features of it that existed in Europe after the Napoleonic
wars?

Ans: 1. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the spirit of conservatism drove European
governments. They believed in established traditional institutions of society such as monarchy,
Church etc.

2. Most of the conservatives didn’t propose a return of the society to the pre revolutionary
days. They realized that modernization could strengthen Monarchy.

3. Modernization could make state power more effective and strong.

4. A modern army, bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and abolition of feudalism could

strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe.

Question 16

Discuss the objectives of the Treaty of Vienna 1815.

Ans: 1. In 1815, representatives of European powers –Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who
had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The
Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the congress.

2. They drew up a treaty with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in
Europe during Napoleonic wars.
3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to stop French expansion. Russia
was given parts of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony.

4. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been disposed of power during the French revolution, was
restored to power. 5. The main intention of the Congress of Vienna was to restore those monarchies
that were overthrown by napoleon, and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

Question 17

Explain the beliefs of conservative regimes set up in 1815.

Ans: 1. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and
dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

2. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books,
plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French
Revolution.
 3. The memory of the French Revolution continued to inspire the liberals.

4. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticized the new
conservative order, was freedom of the press.

Question 18

Write a short note on the role of Giuseppe Mazzini.

Ans: 1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who wanted to unify Italy into one
nation on the basis of language.

2. He joined the secret society of the Carbonary and later founded two secret societies called
‘Young Italy ‘and ‘Young Europe’

3. He believed that Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It
had to be forged into single unified republic.
4. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics
frightened the conservatives.

5.Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Question 19

Explain the role of liberals in the Revolutions on Europe in 1930-1848.

Ans: 1. The liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle class –elite, led these
revolutions.

2. The included professors, teachers, clerks, and the members of the commercial
middle classes.

3. Liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolutions in

many parts of Europe, such as Italian and German states, Ottoman empire etc.

4. In the Upheaval in France I n 1830, the bourbon dynasty was overthrown and a constitutional
monarchy was established with Louis Philippe as the head.

Question 20

What was the Civil Code of 1804?

 Ans. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic code – abolished all the privileges
based on birth, created quality before the law and secured the right to property. Moreover, this code
was also exported to the regions under French control.

Question 21

Briefly describe Zollverein?

Ans. In 1834, Zollverein or customs union was established at the initiative of Prussia and joined by
most of the German states. The union did away with tariff barriers and decreased the number of
currencies from over thirty to only two.
Question 21

‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the
statement with arguments.

Answer:
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe because:

 The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe.
There was scarcity of jobs and few employment opportunities.
 Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of jobs. They lived in
overcrowded slums.
 Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods
from England.
 In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the
peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation.
 The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest, added to the miseries of the common man.

Question 22

Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the
18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples.

Answer:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways.

 Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist
sentiments.
 Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true
German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
  Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they
favouredemotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
 Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the
ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and
for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists.
 Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to
promote the German spirit against the domination of the French.
 Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
 Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols.

Question 23

Describe the impact of the ‘Revolution of Liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.

Answer:
The Revolution of the Liberals in 1848 was led by the educated middle classes. The impact of the
Revolution was:

 In France, it brought about the abdication of monarch and a republic based on the
principles of universal male suffrage was set up.
 Germany, Poland, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire did not exist as independent nation
states. Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism and national unification. They wanted a nation state on parliamentary
principles—a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
 In the German regions, middle class professionals, businessmen and rich artisans came to
the city of Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. The Frankfurt Assembly
was convened, they drafted a constitution, headed by a monarchy subject to the crown.
However, the king Friedrich Wilhelm-IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown.
Question 24

Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the
18th and 19th century.

Answer:
Polish people used their culture in a big way. They strived hard to keep their national identity.
Nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the following ways:

 They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski raised the national
struggle by staging his Polish operas and music.
  Traditional dance forms of Poland polonaise and mazurka became their national symbols.
 In the regions occupied by the Russia, Polish people used their language to develop
nationalist feelings. It was used as a weapon of national resistance in Church gatherings
and religious instructions.

Question 25

Explain the uprising of Peasants struggle in Silesia Answer:

 Another uprising was seen in 1845 in Silesia. The weavers of Silesia revolted against the
contractors. Contractors were those people who used to provide the weavers with the raw
material so that they could turn them into finished products. The payments made to the
weavers by these contractors were reduced to a very low amount. This reduction in payment
was a reason of this revolt.
 So, on 4th June, a large crowd of weavers went to the contractor’s house with the demand
of increase in their wages. They were mistreated by the contractor. This led to the forceful
entry of the weavers into the
contractor’s house where they destroyed and damaged almost everything. The contractor fled with his
family to a nearby village where he was not given shelter by anyone. After a gap of 24 hours he
returned back with an army and in the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.
Question 26

Write a note on Frankfurt Parliament Answer:

 In German region a group of political association that consisted of middle class

professionals, businessmen and rich artisans gathered in the city of Frankfurt and decided to
vote for an all German National Assembly.
 On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives gathered at Church of St. Paul to take their
places in the Frankfurt parliament.
 They had drafted a constitution for a German nation which was to be headed by a
monarch as per the parliament.
 When the deputies offered the crown which was subject to some terms to Friedrich Wilhelm
IV, King of Prussia, he not only rejected it but also joined other monarchs to oppose the
elected assembly.
 The parliament never paid attention towards the demands of peasants therefore it never
got any support from them.
 Finally the assembly was forced to disband with the help of troops.

Question 27

Write a note on: The role of women in nationalist struggles.

Answer:
The role of women in nationalist struggles:
  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal
movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
 Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in
political meetings and demonstrations.
 Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly.
 When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only
as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
28.Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Answer.
In Britain the formation of a nation-state was not the
result of a sudden upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long drawn out
parliamentary process.
1.Britain was not a nation – state prior to 18th Century. England had people of many ethnic
groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions.
2.The English Nation steadily grew in importance and power and extended her influence
over other nations of the island.
3.The British Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688, was the
instrument through which a nation- state, with England at the centre, came to be
forged

4.The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of
United Kingdom of Great Britain

5.Ireland, after a prolonged conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestants,
was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

6.The symbols of the New Britain—the British flag

(Union Jack), the national Anthem and the English language— were actively
promoted.

29.Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to
represent the nation of France. Explain any two features of it.
Answer.
The name of the allegory, to represent the nation of France was Marianne. The following were
its features:
1. It underlined the idea of a people’s nation.
2. Her characteristics were drawn from liberty and republic.

30.Describe the impact of the ‘Revolution of Liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.

Answer.
The Revolution the Liberals in 1848 was led by the educated
middle classes. of
 The impact of the Revolution was:
1. In France, it brought about the abdication of monarch and a republic based on the
principles of universal male suffrage was set up.
2. Germany, Poland, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire did not exist as independent
nation states. Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for
constitutionalism and national unification.
3. They wanted a nation state on parliamentary principles—a constitution, freedom of the
press and freedom of association. 4.In the German regions, middle class professionals,
businessmen
and rich artisans came to the city of Frankfurt to vote for an all- German National
Assembly.
5.The Frankfurt Assembly was convened; they drafted a constitution, headed by a
monarchy subject to the crown. However, the king Friedrich Wilhelm-IV of Prussia
refused to
accept the crown.

31.Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.

Answer.
1. Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of German unification.
2 He carried out the process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
3 He helped in infusing nationalism in the mind of the masses.
4. Three wars for over seven years were fought to seek the German nation and
defeat of Austria, Denmark and France.
5. Bismarck initiated in proclaiming the new German nation under Kaiser
William I of Prussia, thus completing the process of German unification.
32.Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th
and 19th century.

Polish people used their culture in a big way. They strived hard to keep their national
identity. Nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the following ways:
1. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski raised the
national struggle by staging his Polish operas and music.
2. Traditional dance forms of Poland polonaise and mazurka became their
national symbols.
3. In the regions occupied by the Russia, Polish people used their language to develop
nationalist feelings.
4. It was used as a weapon of national resistance in Church gatherings and
religious instructions.
33.Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
1.The Balkans comprised of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.
2.A large part of this region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
3.This was a region of great geographical and ethnic variation and its inhabitants were
known as Slaves.
The following were the main causes of the. Conflict in the Balkan area after 1871:
 4.The feelings of nationalism of these countries were in conflict with one another.
They were fiercely jealous of each other and struggle to define their identity. They
were extremely intolerant of one another.
5.The disintegration of Ottoman Empire which had throughout the 19th centuries
tried to strengthen itself through modernization and reforms.
6.The breaking away of each of these nationalist group one by one from control of
the Ottoman Empire was the another cause of conflict. They declared themselves as
independent with political rights on the basis of the history. They proved that once
they had been independent but were subsequently subjugated by foreign powers.
7.Each of these counties attempted to gain more territory at the expense of the
others.
8.The Balkans became a scene of big power of rivalry. Major European powers—
Russia, Germany-England—Austro- Hungary—manipulated nationalist aspirants to
complete their own aims. There was a rivalry between the European powers over
trade and colonies as well as naval and military superiority.
9.There was a rivalry among the big powers to counter the hold of other powers
over the Balkan region and extending their own control, {any three)
34.Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in
Europe.
1. Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a
member of the secret society of the Coronary.
2. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
3. He founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and
Young Europe in Berne.
4. The members of the society were drawn from Poland, France, Italy and the German
states.
5. Mazzini strongly believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
6. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
7. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and
Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republics frightened the conservatives.
8. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

35.Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
1.Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801 in the following ways:
2.Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped
the Protestants to establish dominance over the largely Catholic country.
 3.Catholics revolted against this dominance but were suppressed. Wolfe Tone and his
United Irishmen led a revolt but failed.
4.As the English nation grew in power and influence, Ireland’s distinctive culture and
language was suppressed. The new symbols like British flag, national anthem and English
language was promoted.

35.How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in
Europe? Analyse.
1. In the 19th century in Europe, the female figures became an allegory of the
nation in the following ways.
2.The artists, in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe, wanted to represent a country, as
if it was a person. In other words, they wanted to personify the nation. Nations were
represented as female figures.
3.The female form did not belong to any particular woman in real life. It was an abstract
idea, which gave the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of a
nation.
3.In France, the female form was given the name of Marianne, which represented the
nation. Her characteristics were red cap, the tricolor and the cockade, drawn from those
of Liberty and the Republic.
4.Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a
crown of oak leaves because oak stands for heroism.

36.Describe the process of unification of Germany.

The Process of unification of Germany:

1. By 1848, the popular effort of political associations failed in installing a
constitutional monarchy in Germany.
2. The Failure of Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to
come through the combined effort of monarchy and army supported by large
landowners.
3. From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement of national unification.
4. In this process Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, proved to be the
main architect.
5. Bismarck reached his goal with the help of Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He
fought three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark and France which ended
in Prussian victory and completed the process of German unification.

37.Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last
quarter of the 19th century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples.
1.Towards the end of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow belief with
inadequate ends.
 2.This period saw nationalist groups becoming increasingly prejudiced of each
other and ready to wage a war at the slightest of the pretext.
3.Nationalism was now identified with increasing one’s sphere of influence, by
establishing control over more territories. Balkan states became jealous of each other
and entered into a conflict to establish more control and power in the region at the cost
of others.
4.The chief European authorities saw this as an opportunity and manipulated the nationalist
desires of the subject peoples. ‘
5.European powers were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the
Balkans. They did nothing serious to solve the Balkan issue rather watched the
situation to turn fruitful for them. The most severe tensions emerge after 1871,
leading to a series of wars and ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.

38.How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist

sentiments growing in Europe? Explain.
A wave of economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist sentiments growing
in Europe with:
(a) the demands of new commercial classes for a unified economic province for
unconstrained transfer of commodities, people and funds.
(b) The formation of the zollverein in 1834.
(c) The elimination of tariff barriers by the union.
(d) The reduction in the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(e) The formation of a network of railways that further helped mobility and
connected economic interests to national unification.

39.Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are

all part of the same nation.” Support the statement.

1.The term nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness based on common heritage
and common identity and a sense of belonging to one’s nation.
2.The spirit of nationalism can spread and develop only when people discover some
bond or unity that binds them together.
3.The sense of collective belonging develops through the experience of
united struggles.
 4.There is a variety of cultural process through which nationalism captures people’s
imagination.
5.History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all play a
role in the spread of nationalism.
6.Any image or symbol that is identified as nation is also recognised as a bond and
help in the spread of nationalism.

40.Describe the process of unification of Italy.

1.During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of
which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house.
2.Mazzini, a great revolutionary leader of Italy, inspired the youth with the ideas of
establishing a single unified Italy. He set up secret societies like Young Italy in
Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne with like-minded young men from Poland,
France, Italy and German states.
3.Mazzini prepared the ground for Cavour to complete the process of
unification.
4.After a series of failures of Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unifying
Italy through wars.
5.Cavour, the Chief Minister, through his tactful diplomatic alliance with France,
defeated Austrian forces in 1859.
6.Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South
Italy in 1860 along with the Kingdom of two Sicilies and won the support of local
peasants and drove the Spanish away, thus unifying Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II
was made the King of united Italy.

41.How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815?
Explain with examples.
1.After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when conservative regimes were restored
to power, many liberal minded people went underground because of the fear of
repression. Secret
 societies sprang up in European states to train the revolutionaries and spread
their ideas.
2.Many revolutionaries opposed monarchical rule and fought for liberty
and freedom of their respective states.
3.One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot, was
sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He became the
member of a secret society coronary.
4.He founded two underground societies, first Young Italy in Marseilles
and the other Young Europe in Berne. The society had members from
Poland, France, Italy, Germany, etc. The members believed in the
formation of nation states and they were liberal minded people.
5.Following the example of Italy, secret societies were set up in Germany,
France Switzerland, and Poland. Mazzini’s vision of democratic republics
frightened the conservatives.
42.Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification.

Ans. 1. Division of Italy into so many states: The division of Italy into many states and
their mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak.

2. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their
control over a large part of Italy. Napoleon the French emperor had conquered
the whole of Italy. Thus the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian
Unification.

3. Congress Of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon the congress of Vienna

once again divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the
task of Italian unification.

4. The Pope of Rome. The pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining
territories under his dominance as such he was also proving a great hurdle in the way
of the Italian unification.

5. Reactionary rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also
proving a great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification.

43.Explain the different factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Ans. Following are the factors which led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe:

1. Decline of Feudalism: Feudal lords were a great tumbling bloc in

the way of the rise of the nationalism feelings among the people. But
their mutual warfare and crusades weakened them.

2. Weakness of Papacy and the Roman Empire: The renaissance and reformation
movements led to awakening among the people and weakened the authority of the
pope and the Holy Roman Empire. Consequently, national churches and national
states were established in many countries.

3. Foreign Rule: in certain countries foreign rule also played an important

part in the growth of nationalism.
 4. Reaction against Injustice: Sometimes reaction against the arbitrary
rule of unjust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism.

5. Contribution of Great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and

philosophers like Machiavelli,
J.S. Mill, Fitch, Mazzini, Garibaldi etc. went a long way in rousing political
consciousness and national sprit among the people.
44.How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in
Europe after 1871? Explain with examples.

1. Balkan become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after
1871 because of the following reasons:
2. It was a region consisting of multi-nationalities including modem
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece etc. It was under the control
of Ottoman Empire.
3. There arouse internal conflicts among the different nationalities and they
voiced protest to assert their independence.
4. The romantic sentiments made the people understand that they
were subjugated by a foreign power.
5. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and they wanted to
gain more territories at the cost of others.
6. Other big European powers like Russia, Germany, England,
etc. were keen on controlling the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They
too had their imperialistic ambitions on Balkans. This made the situation in
Balkans worse and led to First World War in 1914.

QUESTIONS TO BE WRITTEN IN CLASS WORK

1.[6] Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange
and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.
2. [44].How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in
Europe after 1871? Explain with examples.
3.[40].Describe the process of unification of Italy.
4.[35].How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the
19th century in Europe? Analyse.

5.[32]Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the
18th and 19th century
6.[16]Discuss the objectives of the Treaty of Vienna 1815.
Jai guru dev