Null and Alternative Hypotheses

NULL AND ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESES
NULL HYPOTHESIS
•It is the hypothesis to be

tested.
•It has a statement of equality
such as >, <, or =.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
•It has a statement of

inequality such as >, <, or
≠.
Formulating Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
1. Suppose a pizza shop advertises
that their mean delivery time is
less than 30 minutes. You doubt
their advertisement. State the null
and alternative hypotheses.
Answer:
HO : µ > 30 minutes
HA : µ < 30 minutes
2. A school principal claims that the mean
starting age of preschool children in Metro
Manila is at least three years old. It is
assumed that his claim is not true and
believed that preschool children start
schooling before three years old. Formulate
the null and alternative hypotheses.
Answer:
HO : µ > 3 years old
HA : µ < 3 years old

Identifying the Appropriate
Form of Test Statistic
When to Use Z-Test
•A z-test is used when the variables
follow a normal distribution and the
population variance is known.
•It is also applicable when the
population variance is not known but
the sample size is greater than or
equal to 30.
Formula for z-value
𝑥ҧ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
𝑛
•Where
z = z-value 𝑥ҧ = sample mean
µ = population mean n = sample size
 = population standard deviation
Note:
When the population standard

deviation is not known, use the
sample standard deviation.
When to Use T-Test
•A t-test is used when population
variance is unknown and the sample
size is small, n < 30.
•The population must be normally
distributed or nearly normally
distributed.
Formula for t-value
𝑥ҧ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
𝑛
•Where
t = t-value 𝑥ҧ = sample mean
µ = population mean n = sample size
s = sample standard deviation
Identify the appropriate form of test
statistic for the following problems.
1. The school doctor said that the mean
height of Grade 12 boys is greater than
147 cm. The claim was suspected to be
inaccurate. A random sample of 50 Grade
12 boys was tested and found that the
average height was 150 cm with a
standard deviation of 15 cm.
Answer:
The appropriate statistical test is z-test

ҧ
𝑥−𝜇
that uses the formula 𝑧 = 𝑠 . Since the
𝑛
sample size is 50 and the population
standard deviation is unknown, the
sample standard deviation can replace
the population standard deviation.
2. The president of a company claims that the
scent of car air freshener lasts more than 30
days. The manager of the company suspected
the claim and took a random sample of 20 and
conducted a study. It was found that the mean
time the air freshener last was only 20 days
with a standard deviation of two days. Assume
that the distribution is normally distributed.
Answer:
The sample size is less than 30 and

the population standard deviation is
unknown. The statistical test to be
used is t-test which uses the formula
ҧ
𝑥−𝜇
t= 𝑠 .
𝑛
Formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses for the following situations.
1. Reports say that the mean birth weight of

babies of European heritage is 3.5 kg. Marta
wants to perform a significance test to see if
this holds true in her nation. She takes a
random sample of babies and observes a mean
birthweight of 𝑥ҧ = 3.43 kg.
2. A restaurant owner installed a new
automated drink machine. The machine is
designed to dispense 530 mL of liquid on the
medium size setting. The owner suspects that
the machine may be dispensing too much in
medium drinks. They decide to take a sample
of 30 medium drinks to see if the average
amount is significantly greater than 530 mL.
Answer the following problems:
1. The bakers said that the mean weight of

their banana cake is 300 grams. To check if it is
true, the bakers selected a random sample of
40 banana cakes and used hypothesis testing to
investigate. Determine what test statistic is
appropriate for the situations.
Situations:
•The population standard deviation is known
to be 10 grams and the sample size used is
40 with a mean weight of 290 grams.
•The sample size is reduced to 25 which in
turn changed the mean and standard
deviation to 290 grams and 25 grams,
respectively.
2. A courier service claimed that their mean
transit time for deliveries within Metro Manila
is less than five days. A researcher did not
believe the claim and took a random sample of
50 deliveries and found that the average
transit time is three days with a standard
deviation of 0.5 day. What is the appropriate
formula for test statistic?

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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NULL AND ALTERNATIVE

•It is the hypothesis to be

•It has a statement of

HO : µ > 3 years old

HA : µ < 3 years old

When the population standard

The appropriate statistical test is z-test

The sample size is less than 30 and

1. Reports say that the mean birth weight of

1. The bakers said that the mean weight of

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