Martin, George R R - A Game of Thrones

FLOWERS
FLOWERS
• Flower is the part of the
shoot system specializing
in sexual reproduction.
• Regardless of form all
flowers share certain basic
features.
• A typical flower arises
from the axil of the leaf.
FLOWERS
• A typical complete flower
consists of four whorls.
• The outer whorl is the
calyx, the next is the
corolla and the inner
whorls are the essential
organs.
• The essential whorls are
the stamen and the pistil.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
1. PEDICEL - The stalk that holds the flower
2. RECEPTACLE - The enlarged tip of the
pedicel from which floral parts arise
3. SEPAL - One of the several leaf-like
structures that make up the outermost circle
of the floral parts. It is usually green in color
and protects the flower while it is still a bud.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
4. CALYX - The collective term for all SEPALS
5. COROLLA - The collective term for the PETALS
6. PETAL - One of the colored leaf-like structures that
occurs in one or more circles within the sepals
7. PERIANTH - The collective term for the sepals and
petals
8. PISTIL - The seed-bearing organ of the flower
usually; pear shaped and found at the center of the
flower.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
8. PISTIL - The seed-bearing organ of the flower
usually; pear shaped and found at the center of
the flower.
- It is composed of the ovary, style and stigma.
- They are collectively called gynoecium.
- When the carpels are united, gynoecium is
described as syncarpous; when free, the
gynoecium is described as apocarpous.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
9. OVARY - The enlarged basal part of the pistil.
a. OVULES – small, round oval-shaped bodies
inside the locules of the ovary. They contain the
egg cell and other related cells.
b. LOCULES – the cavity within the ovary
10. STYLE - Long and slender neck-like part
extending from the ovary. It serves as a
passageway for the pollen from the stigma to
the ovary.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
11. STIGMA - Sticky part found at the tip of the
style to which the pollen adheres after pollination
12. STAMEN - The essential male part of the flower
consisting of anther and a filament.
- The anther and the filament are collectively
called androecium
a. ANTHER – where pollen grains are produced. It
is supported by the slender filament and usually
consists of four pollen sacs.
b. FILAMENT – the slender stalk that supports the
anther
PARTS OF A FLOWER
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
1. COMPLETE FLOWER
- A flower that has all the
four essential floral parts:
the sepal, petal, stamen and
pistil
2. INCOMPLETE FLOWER
- A flower that lacks one or
more of the four floral parts
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
3. PERFECT FLOWER
- A flower with both the stamen and
pistil (may lack sepals and petals),
also called bisexual flower
4. IMPERFECT FLOWER
- A flower that bears either the
stamen or pistil.
- The flower may be staminate or
pistillate.
- It is also called unisexual flower
SIZE AND SHAPE OF FLORAL PARTS
1. REGULAR FLOWER
- A flower in which the corolla is
made up of similarly-shaped
petals equally spaced and
radiating from the center of the
flower
2. IRREGULAR FLOWER
- A flower in which one or more
members of at least one whorl are
of a different form or size from
others
TYPES OF IRREGULAR FLOWERS
a. Papilionaceous
- The standard petal or banner is
usually the largest and most
striking
- The two wings or alae are
lateral, and a keel is present
Examples: batao and sitao

flowers
b. Caesalpinaceous
- The standard petal is the
smallest and innermost
- The two wings and two keels
are almost the same in size and
shape.
Examples: fire tree (Delonix
regia) and caballero
(Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
c. Orchidaceous
- The flower has three petals; one
is very much different in size
and shape and is called the lip
or labellum
Examples: Palaenopsis, Cattleya,

Dendrobium and sanggumay
POSITION OF THE OVARY
1. PERIGYNOUS – a flower
in which the ovary is half-
interior but the bases of
the stamens, petals and
sepals develop as a floral
cup around the ovary.
2. HYPOGYNOUS – a
flower in which the
ovary is superior, with
sepals arising from a
level below the base of
the ovary.
3. EPIGYNOUS – a
flower in which the
ovary is inferior, with
sepals arising from a
level above the base of
the ovary.
PLACENTATION
1. Marginal – the ovules are
attached to vertical rows or
rows along the ovary wall.
2. Parietal – in a compound
pistil, the carpels are joined
margin to margin and the
placenta is situated on the
ovary walls.
PLACENTATION
3. Basal – found in both
simple and compound
carpels with one locule in the
ovary. The ovule is attached
to the base of the ovary.
4. Axile – the ovules are
attached to the middle of the
ovary, where the septae of a
compound pistil are joined.
FUSION OF FLORAL PARTS
1. Adnation – when unlike

parts like the petals and
sepals are fused
2. Connation – when like
parts are fused, as in the
petals of Anthurium
KINDS OF INFLORESCENCE
1. Spike - elongated
axis, flowers are
sessile or without
stalk
Example: black
pepper (Peperomia
pelucida)
2. Spadix – a spike
with a fleshy axis,
enclosed by a large,
often brightly colored
bract called spathe
Example: Calla lily,
Anthurium
3. Catkin – a spike
with a long and
pendulous axis; bears
unisexual flowers only
Example: Acalypha
hispida
4. Raceme – elongated
axis; bears a number of
flowers which are all
stalked, the lower
flowers having longer
stalks than the upper
Example: Cassia,
Caesalpinia, Aloe
5. Panicle – main axis
of the flower is
branched and the
lateral branches bear
the stalked flowers
Example: rice,
malunggay
6. Cyme – the main axis
ends in a flower that
opens before the
flowers below or on its
side open. The flowers
may be with or without
stalks.
Example: baby’s breath,
gladiolus
7. Corymb – the main
axis is comparatively
short. The lower flowers
have longer stalks than
the upper ones so that
all flowers are brought
more or less at the same
level.
Example: caballero
8. Umbel – the primary
axis is shortened and
bears at its tip a group of
flowers which have
pedicels or more or less
equal lengths, that they
appear to spread out from
a common point.
Example: sapinit (Lantara
camara)
9. Capitulum or head – the
main axis is suppressed,
becoming almost flat. The
capitulum is composed of
ray flowers along the
margin and disk flowers
crowded at the center of
the flower.
Examples: sunflower,
zinnia, gerbera and daisy
OTHER TYPES
1. Cyanthium – consist
of a cup-shaped
involucre formed by
fused heads
Example: Euphorbia
OTHER TYPES
2. Verticillaster – with a
cluster of sessile flowers
in the axil of a leaf
forming a false whorl at
the node
Example: Coleus sp.
(mayana)
OTHER TYPES
3. Hypanthodium – fleshy
receptacle forms a hallow
cavity which is more or
less pear-shaped and has
a narrow opening.
Flowers are borne on the
inner wall of the cavity.
Example: Ficus nitida
POLLINATION
- Pollination is the
process of transferring
pollen grain from the
stamen to the stigma of
a flower.
- Pollination is affected
by different vectors or
agents like wind,
insects, birds and man.
2 TYPES OF POLLINATION
1. SELF-POLLINATION
- The transfer of
pollen from the
stamen to the stigma
of the same flower or
to the stigma of
another flower of the
same plant.
2 TYPES OF POLLINATION
2. CROSS-
POLLINATION
- The transfer of pollen
from the anther to the
stigma of flowers found
in separate plants.

Martin, George R R - A Game of Thrones

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FLOWERS

Examples: batao and sitao

Examples: Palaenopsis, Cattleya,

1. Adnation – when unlike

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