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    The Ayub Regime 1958-1969: Political Dynamics and Economy

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    jawa
    1. President Ayub Khan took power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup that deposed President Mirza and established martial law. 2. Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with indirect elections and concentrated political power in the presidency. 3. Ayub Khan's regime saw economic growth through industrialization and infrastructure projects but was criticized for political oppression and neglecting East Pakistan. 4. Widespread opposition movements emerged in the late 1960s led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969 amid an economic crisis and rising public discontent.

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    The Ayub Regime 1958-1969: Political Dynamics and Economy

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    jawa
    145 views15 pages
    1. President Ayub Khan took power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup that deposed President Mirza and established martial law. 2. Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with indirect elections and concentrated political power in the presidency. 3. Ayub Khan's regime saw economic growth through industrialization and infrastructure projects but was criticized for political oppression and neglecting East Pakistan. 4. Widespread opposition movements emerged in the late 1960s led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969 amid an economic crisis and rising public discontent.

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    Ayub Regime 1958-1969

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    1. President Ayub Khan took power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup that deposed President Mirza and established martial law. 2. Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with indirect elections and concentrated political power in the presidency. 3. Ayub Khan's regime saw economic growth through industrialization and infrastructure projects but was criticized for political oppression and neglecting East Pakistan. 4. Widespread opposition movements emerged in the late 1960s led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969 amid an economic crisis and rising public discontent.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    145 views15 pages

    The Ayub Regime 1958-1969: Political Dynamics and Economy

    Uploaded by

    jawa
    1. President Ayub Khan took power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup that deposed President Mirza and established martial law. 2. Ayub Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with indirect elections and concentrated political power in the presidency. 3. Ayub Khan's regime saw economic growth through industrialization and infrastructure projects but was criticized for political oppression and neglecting East Pakistan. 4. Widespread opposition movements emerged in the late 1960s led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969 amid an economic crisis and rising public discontent.

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    of 15

    The Ayub Regime

    1958-1969
    Political Dynamics and Economy
    The First Coup/ Martial Law
    • President Mirza Declares Martial Law (6-7oct)
    • Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in
    presidential palace on the midnight of 26–27
    October 1958 and send Mirza in exile to
    England.
    Martial Law
     Causes of 1st martial law and reasons for the
    failure of parliamentary democracy from 1947-
    1958.
    1. Leadership Crisis
    2. Provincialism
    3. The Constitution Making Dilemma 1947-56
    4. Extreme Political Instability
    5. Factionalism: The Breakdown of the PML
    6. Failure of Political Leadership
    Martial Law
    7. Conflict between the political leaders and the
    bureaucratic-military elites over the nature and
    direction of the political system.
    8. Interference of the Heads of State
    9. Negative Role of Judiciary
    10.The Pakistan Army and the India Syndrome
    12.Absence of Land Reforms
    13.Absence of Independent Election Commission
    14.International Factors
    Devices applied to Perpetuate Rule
    Illiberal Political Policies
    • Selective Co-option: To associate, chose or
    persuade for cooperation and share
    responsibility. Examples: EBDO 1959, BD1959.
    Containment: To keep in limit or discipline, to
    nip the opposing group in the bud. Land
    Reforms:Upper Limit 500 acres irrigated, 1000
    non irrigated
    • Collateralization: Sharing in subordenate
    position and not equal patners
    The Ayub Regime
    • In 1960, a Referendum, that functioned as
    Electoral College, was held that asked the
    general public:"Do you have confidence in
    Mohammed Ayub Khan?".

    • Political parties act 1962. Banned.


    The Ayub Regime
    • The Constitution of 1962
     A Constitutional Commission was established
    in February 1960 under the chairmanship of
    Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice.
    Ayub announced the Constitution on March 1,
    1962. Elections to the National Assembly (NA)
    and Provincial Assemblies (PAs) were held in
    April and May 1962 respectively.
    The Ayub Regime
    1. Title of the State (Later) Islamic Republic of
    Pakistan
    2. Presidential System
    3. Powers of the President
    4. Indirect Method of Election for President
    5. National Assembly (NA)
    6. NA was consisted of one house on the basis of
    principle of parity between two wings of the
    country. There were 150 seats plus 6 seats were
    reserved for women.
    The Ayub Regime
    7. Federal Structure
    8. Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology
    • Constitution remained enforced from June 8,
    1962 to March 25, 1969.
    The Ayub Regime
    • Presidential election of 1965
    • Fatima Jinnah
    • The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000
    Basic Democrats, who were easily
    manipulated by President Ayub Khan and
    bitterly won the elections with 64%.
    Achievements of Ayub’s Regime
    Liberal Capitalist Economy
    • Five Year Planing Strategy
    • Indus Water Treaty
    • Mangla Dam
    • During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%
    • Islamabad Capital 1964
    • Industrialization and agricultural growth
    • Tarbela Dam
    • Military development
    • Nuclear Research
    • Space programme SUPARCO
    • Minar-e-Pakistan Construction
    • Road Infrastructure
    The Fall/Decline of Ayub Khan
    1. East Pakistan Neglected
    • East Pakistan provided 60 percent of the total
    revenue, compared to 40 percent by West
    Pakistan, but it received only 25 per cent for
    its expenditure. The rest, 75 per cent was
    spent in West Pakistan.
    The Fall of Ayub Khan
    2. Concentration of political power in his own
    hands.
    3. Dictatorial powers of President: people wanted
    parliamentary form of democracy
    4. Right of adult franchise curtailed by the system
    of basic democracy
    5. Control of Press and Media under Press and
    Publication (Amendment) Ordinance: Pakistan
    Times, Imroz, Mashriq were placed under
    National Press Trust.
    The Fall of Ayub Khan
    6. STRONG OPPOSITION
    • Dynamic leadership of Bhutto, Asghar Khan,
    Mujeeb, Bhashani etc.
    7. Wide popularity of Awami League in East
    Pakistan and P.P.P in West Pakistan.
    The Fall of Ayub Khan
    8. US aid/Loan Based economy
    9. 1965 war impact: No Foreign Aid after 1965
    War
    10. Political Oppression
    11. Economic Crisis
    12. Ayub Khan’s Elitist Economic Model: The 22
    Families. Economy of the rich by the rich for
    the rich

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