LAN and WAN

Bahala, Renante
Bernal, Dorris
Santos, John Dustin
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
What is a network?

- A series of points or nodes

interconnected by
communication paths.
- Interconnects with other
networks and contain sub
networks.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
Types of Networks
- Computer networks can be
characterized by their size as well
as their purpose.

- The size of a network can be

expressed by the geographic area
they occupy and the number of
computers that are part of a
network.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
Different Networks
Based on their size: Based on their main purpose:
- Local Area Network (LAN) - Storage Area Network (SAN)
- Metropolitan Area Network - Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
(MAN) - Virtual Private Network (VPN)
- Wide Are Network (WAN)
- Personal Area Network (PAN)
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
LAN Features
- Two or more PCs can form a LAN
to share files, folders, printers,
applications and other devices.
- Coaxial or CAT 5 cables are
normally used for connections.
- Errors and noise are minimum
due to short distances.
- Data transfer rate is 10 to 100
mbps.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
LAN Topology
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
LAN Advantages LAN Disadvantages
- Cost reductions through sharing - Special security measures are
of information and databases, needed to stop users from using
resources and network services. programs and data that they
- Increased information exchange should not have access to.
between different departments - Networks are difficult to set up.
or individuals. - If the file server develops a
- The trend to automate serious fault, all the users are
communication and affected, rather than just one
manufacturing. user in the case of a stand-alone
machine.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
WAN Features
- Contains multiple LANs and
MANs.
- Distinguished in terms of
geographical range.
- Uses satellites and microwave
relays.
- Data transfer rate depends upon
the ISP provider and varies over
the location.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
WAN Topology
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
WAN Advantages WAN Disadvantages

- Covers a large geographical area. - Need a good firewall to restrict

outsiders from entering and
- Shares software and resources disrupting the network.
with connecting workstations. - Setting up a network can be
- Messages can be sent very expensive, slow, and
quickly to anyone else on the complicated.
network. - Maintaining a network is a full-
- Everyone on the network can use time job.
the same data. - Security is a real issue when
different people have the ability
to use information from other
computers.
 FEATURES and TOPOLOGY
Other Networks
- PAN (Personal Area Networks)
- Organized by the individual user for
its personal use.
- SAN (Storage Area Networks)
- Connects servers to data storage
devices via fiber-optic cables.
- WLAN (Wireless LAN)
- A LAN that uses high frequency
radio waves for communication.
- Provides short range connectivity
with high speed data transmission.
LAN Connection Architecture
 LAN Connection Architecture
• INTERNET – refers to the source of
the Internet to an organization.
• ROUTER – basically a Layer-3
Network device that connects
disparate networks.
• UTM/FIREWALL – the Unified
Threat Management Appliance is for
providing gateway level network
security for the various end points
used in the organization.
• CORE SWITCH – generally a Layer-
3 based Network Switch that
connects to the various distribution
switches using Optical Fiber
Networks or UTP Copper cabling.
 LAN Connection Architecture
• NAS DEVICE – refers to a Network
Area Storage Appliance where bulk
of the files/data are stored for the
servers and individual users (PC’s) to
access them over the network
whenever required.
• WIRELESS CONTROLLER – there
are many access points to provide
wireless (Wi-Fi) access to the
PC/Laptop/Wi-Fi Phones in the
enterprise.
• IP TELEPHONY SERVER – provides
the call control functions for the
telephony operations in an
enterprise network.
 LAN Connection Architecture
• DISTRIBUTION SWITCHES –
provide an aggregation layer for
network switching.
• EDGE SWITCHES – basically Layer-
2 switches that provide direct
connectivity to the various network
devices like PCs, Laptops, etc. using
the UTP cables.
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS –
contains built-in radios which
provide wireless signals for
connecting certain network devices.
• NETWORK ENDPOINTS/DEVICES
– there are various network devices/
endpoints connecting to the LAN via
edge switches/wireless access
points.
WAN Connection Architecture
 WAN Connection Architecture
LAN/WAN Components
Networks can be connected to each
other through several components:
- Repeater
- Bridge
- Router
 WAN Connection Architecture
Repeater
- Regenerates and propagates all
electrical transmissions between 2
or more LAN segments.

- Allows extension of a network

beyond physical length limitations.

- Layer 1 of the “OSI Model”

 WAN Connection Architecture
Bridge
- Connects 2 or more LAN segments
and uses data link layer address
(e.g. MAC addresses)

- Copies frames from one network to

the other

- Layer 2 of the “OSI Model”

 WAN Connection Architecture
Router
- Connects 2 or more networks and
uses network layer addresses (like
IP address) to make data
forwarding decisions

- Layer 3 of the “OSI Model”

 LAN/WAN Components
• NETWORK ADAPTER
- Converts data into electronic signals.
• NETWORK MEDIUM
- Actual path over which an electronic signal
travels as it moves from one component to
another
• CABLE CONNECTORS
- Sometimes called a “network port”
• POWER SUPPLY

• HUB/SWITCH/ROUTER

• NETWORK SOFTWARE
- Software on a communicating computer
packages data into segments and puts that
data into a structure called a “packet”
 LAN Access Control Methods
Two primary access
control methods exist:
- Token-based access

- Carrier Sense Multiple Access

with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
 Token-based Access
- Used in bus and ring network
topologies (token ring)

- Each computer in the network

can only send data if it has a
token to prevent collision.

- A token is a special pattern of

bits in a frame detectible by each
node in a network
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
- Usually used in Ethernet LANs

- Unlike the token-based access, all

nodes can send data anytime in
CSMA/CD method

- A node first listens for activity before

transmitting data

- If collision is detected, the first node

to detect it, sends a jam signal to the
network. Both nodes wait an re-
transmit data.
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Multiple Access:
- Each network device can transmit
data at will; no central controller

- Each node examines the data frame

to determine if the node is the
destination

- All nodes see the data frames

regardless of whether or not they
are the intended destination
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier Sense
- The network interface card (NIC) on
each computer on the network
“listens” and senses whether there
is a traffic on the cable before
sending
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Collision Detection
- Collision occurs when two stations
listen for network traffic, hear none
and transmit simultaneously
damaging both transmissions

- Collision Detection enables stations

to detect collisions, so they know
when they must re-transmit

- Used by Ethernet LANs

 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Collision Avoidance
- Sender sends a request-to-send
(RTS) frame and indicates the time
needed to complete data
transmission

- Receiver sends clear-to-send (CTS)

frame, indicates time to complete
data transmission and reserves
channel for the sender

- Sender transmits data and receiver

responds with an ACK frame

- RTS AND CTS frames let other

stations know there is ongoing data
transmission to avoid collision
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
• REPEATERS

• HUBS

• BRIDGES

• SWITCHES

• GATEWAYS

• ROUTERS
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Repeaters

- Regenerates and propagates all

electrical transmissions between 2
or more LAN segments.

- Allows extension of a network

beyond physical length limitations.

- Layer 1 of the “OSI Model”

 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Hub

- A common connection point

between segments of a LAN

- Broadcasts a frame to all ports

- Has no way of determining which

port a frame should be sent to
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Bridge

- Connects two or more LANS or two

segments of the same LAN

- Protocol-independent. They forward

packets without analyzing and re-
routing messages.
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Switch
- A device that centralizes
communications among multiple
connected devices in one local area
network (LAN)

- Are capable of inspecting incoming

messages as they are received and
directing them to a specific
communications port (packet
witching)

- Determines the source and

destination addresses of each packet
and forwards data only to specific
devices
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Gateway

- Joins two networks so that devices

on one network can communicate
with the devices on another
network

- Can be implemented completely in

a software, hardware, or in a
combination of both
 Inter-LAN Connection Equipment
Router

- A device that joins multiple

computer networks together via
either wired or wireless
connections.

- Layer 3 network gateway device

operating on the network layer of
the OSI model
 LAN Speed-up Technologies
Among the most widely discussed networking
topics are technologies that make networks faster.
Some of these technologies are:
- Fast Ethernet - Frame Relay
- Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
- Firewire and USB - ISDN
- Fiber Channel - xDSL and Cable
- Bluetooth - Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
- 802.11 - Wireless Packet-Switched Networks
- HIPERLAN/1 - Circuit-Switched Cellular (CSC)
- X.25 - GPRS
 LAN Speed-up Technology
Fast Ethernet
- 100Base-T (IEEE 802.3u)
- Is a high-speed LAN
technology
- 100 megabits per second
(Mbps)
- 10 times faster than
10Base-T Ethernet
 LAN Speed-up Technology
Gigabit Ethernet and 10
Gigabit Ethernet
- 1000Base-T (IEEE 802.3Z)
- Is a high-speed LAN technology
- 1000 megabits per second (Mbps)
- 10 times faster than 100Base-T
Ethernet
- 10 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae)
 LAN Speed-up Technology
Universal Serial Bus
- Applies to data transmission
between computers and peripheral
hardware (E.g. mice, keyboards)
- Supports ‘hot swapping’ of
peripheral components
- Allows connecting peripherals in
‘daisy chain’ or tree topology
 LAN Speed-up Technology
Bluetooth
- Short-range radio transmissions
between devices no more than 10
meters apart
- Primarily used for mobile devices to
provide connectivity and
synchronization
- Does not require a line of sight
 LAN Speed-up Technology
IEEE 802.11

- Is an extension of the Ethernet

standard, adopted for wireless LANs

- Operates at 2.4 GHz and can

transmit at 2Mbps within 30-100
meters

- IEEE 802.11b can transmit at 11

Mbps

- IEEE 802.11a can transmit at

54Mbps
Network Equipment and Cabling
Using “twisted pair cable” is
the most commonly used
method for networking
devices.

3 Types of cables:
- Straight Through
- Crossover
- Rollover
Network Equipment and Cabling

Network Tools /
Materials used for
network cabling:

Crimping Tool
Network Equipment and Cabling

Network Tools /
Materials used for
network cabling:

Ethernet Cable
Network Equipment and Cabling

Network Tools /
Materials used for
network cabling:

RJ45 Plug/Jack
 Network Equipment and Cabling

Network Tools /
Materials used for
network cabling:

LAN Cable Boot

- To protect wearing and
tearing
 Network Equipment and Cabling

Network Tools /
Materials used for
network cabling:

Network Cable Tester

- Pins 4, 5, 7, 8 are not used
Network Equipment and Cabling

Straight Through
Cables
- Used for connecting unlike
devices:
 Router to hub
 Computer to
switch/router
 Modem to router
Network Equipment and Cabling

Crossover Cables
- Used for connecting like
devices:
 Computer to computer
 Router to router
 Switch to switch
 Hub to hub
Network Equipment and Cabling

Rollover Cables
AKA Cisco Console cable
or a Yost cable used to
connect a computer terminal
to a router’s console port.