P & PCI Perto Chemical
P & PCI Perto Chemical
P & PCI Perto Chemical
Rao Patnaik
Chemical Engineering Programme
SOMCME, ASTU
Occurrence
• Kerosene from Shale oil-lighting
• Industrial Production in 1958,PA
• Automobile Industry,1912
History
• 532 MT to 1700 MT WORLD
• The refineries are producing excess
naphtha which is being converted to
synthesis gas for Fertilizer industry
and Petro-Chemical industries.
Consumption
• P exploration and development of
crude oil production facilities to
provide P for the refineries.
Distribution of Present P
Reserves (approx)
• Surface Geological
Methods • Geophysical Methods
• 1.Extensive
• 1.Sensitive GC
• Sesmic surve measures
• 2.Microbiological • Air surveys
flora
• 2.Intensive
• 3.Radioactive • Sonic and ultrasonic
isotopic exchange probing
of carbon • Neutron reflecting
measurents
Exploration Methods
• Yields-
• Drilling-off
reservoir
shore
hydrocarbons
Methods of Production
Chemical composition Refinery crude P
• a.Open chain or • a.Paraffin base
aliphatic • b.Naphthene
compounds base
• b.Ring or cyclic • c.Intermediate
compounds base
• c.Asphalts
Classification of crude P
P Refinery product
classification
• 1.Gas fraction
• Natural gas, light gas,off gas
• 2.Light ends
• Petrol, solvent naphtha & kerosene,light
heating oils
• 3.Intermediate Distillates
• Heavy fuel oils, Diesel oils, gas oils
• 4.Heavy distillates
• Mineral oil,flotation and frothing
oil,waxes, lubricating oil
• 5.Residues
• Lubricants,fuel oil,greases, P,
Asphalt,Road oils,P coke
• 6.By- products
• Detergents, ammonia, sulpur &
derivatives
Chemical changes or
Physical changes or UO conversions UP
Purification of Gases
• 1.absorption-desorption
• 2.compression-liquefation
• 3.low-temp fractionation
• 4.adsorption
• 5 separation techniques:
• 6.special techniques
Separation of gases
Economics Feed stocks
• 2.Light liquids: Natural
• More complex gas liquids,
• Both public and naphathas,wild gasolines,
kerosene,gas oils
private
reformates,coker
fractions,FCC lights.etc
• 3.Heavy liquids: Vaccum
gas oils,hevy crudes
• 1.Gases: Lean gases,
LPG,natural gases
• 4.Solids: waxes
Petro-Chemical Industries
Over View of Petro-chemicals
• 1. Natural Gas (largely methane)
• 2.Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• 3.Refinery Off –Gases
• 4.Hydroforming of P Stocks
(BTX)
• 5.Naphatha and Fuel oil
• 6.P Coke (Al industry )
Chemicals from C3 :
• Mol.wt.54.09
• Methods of
Production
• Butanes and • End uses:
Butenes:
• 1.Hehydration of
butane2
• 2.Steam Cracking
Chemicals from C4 :
• B-
Styrene,BHC,Phenol
• T-Solvents,benzoic
• BTXN acid,
• X-o-xylene,m- xylene
• End uses:
• N-Phthalic anhydride
Week #13
Petro-Chemicals at glance, Important
Derivatives and End Products.
Week #14
Exploration and Development of Gas
& Oil fields with special reference to
Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
Week #15
Course review and Evaluation.
Pre-requisites Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering
Literature References:
1.Advanced Petrochemicals, G.N.Sarkar,Khanna Publishers,New Delhi,2002
2.Outlines of Chemical Technology,C.E.Dryden,East-Westpress,New Delhi,1966
3.Petroleum Refining Engineering,W.L.Nelson, McGraw-Hill,New York,1987
4.Petroleum Processing Handbook,William F Bland & Robert L.Davidson,2015
Production of Caprolactum