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    Dysphonia

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    Reshma Vasu
    1) Dysphonia, or hoarseness, is the result of irregular vibrations of the vocal cords caused by things like inflammation, trauma, tumors, or functional issues. 2) The larynx contains cartilage, ligaments, and muscles that allow it to function in respiration, phonation, and protection of the airway. 3) Causes of dysphonia include congenital issues, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and functional or psychological problems. Acute laryngitis is usually caused by infection while chronic laryngitis can be from overuse, environment, or repeated infections.

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    Dysphonia

    Uploaded by

    Reshma Vasu
    112 views44 pages
    1) Dysphonia, or hoarseness, is the result of irregular vibrations of the vocal cords caused by things like inflammation, trauma, tumors, or functional issues. 2) The larynx contains cartilage, ligaments, and muscles that allow it to function in respiration, phonation, and protection of the airway. 3) Causes of dysphonia include congenital issues, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and functional or psychological problems. Acute laryngitis is usually caused by infection while chronic laryngitis can be from overuse, environment, or repeated infections.

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    1) Dysphonia, or hoarseness, is the result of irregular vibrations of the vocal cords caused by things like inflammation, trauma, tumors, or functional issues. 2) The larynx contains cartilage, ligaments, and muscles that allow it to function in respiration, phonation, and protection of the airway. 3) Causes of dysphonia include congenital issues, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and functional or psychological problems. Acute laryngitis is usually caused by infection while chronic laryngitis can be from overuse, environment, or repeated infections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    112 views44 pages

    Dysphonia

    Uploaded by

    Reshma Vasu
    1) Dysphonia, or hoarseness, is the result of irregular vibrations of the vocal cords caused by things like inflammation, trauma, tumors, or functional issues. 2) The larynx contains cartilage, ligaments, and muscles that allow it to function in respiration, phonation, and protection of the airway. 3) Causes of dysphonia include congenital issues, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and functional or psychological problems. Acute laryngitis is usually caused by infection while chronic laryngitis can be from overuse, environment, or repeated infections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 44

    DYSPHONIA

    Meng Juan
    Applied anatomy Laryngology
     The larynx is an air
    passage,
     between the
    laryngopharynx and
    trachea.
     an organ of
    phonation
    Skeleton of Larynx
     Unpaired:Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis.
    Paired: Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
    Epiglottic
    cartilage
    Thyroid cartilage
    The largest cartilage
    Cricoid cartilage
    The only complete
    cartilaginous ring
    Arytenoid cartilage
    •Base :connect with cricoid cartilage
    •Muscular process: give attachment to
    intrinsic laryngeal muscles
    •Vocal process :give attachment to vocal
    cord
    Ligaments and membranes
    of larynx
    Thyrohyoid membrane

    Cricothyroid membrane
    Muscles of larynx
    extrinsic laryngeal muscles

    intrinsic laryngeal muscles


    Extrinsic laryngeal
    muscles-move entire larynx, active
    during swallowing
    Suprahyoid Muscles
    Infrahyoid Muscles  mylohyoid
     thyrohyoid  digastric
     omohyoid  geniohyoid
     sternohyoid  stylohyoid
     sternothyroid  genioglossus
     styloglossus
    Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
     Abductor: Posterior
    cricoarytenoid
     Adductors: Lateral
    cricoarytenoid,
    Transverse arytenoid
     Adjust tension of
    the vocal cord:
    Cricothyroid
    Thyroarytenoid
    Laryngeal cavity

    supraglottic
    portion
    glottic portion
    infraglottic
    portion
    Laryngeal nerves
    Superior laryngeal nerve
    Recurrent laryngeal nerve
    Physiology
    of the larynx

    Respiration
    Phonation
    Protective function
    Fixation of the chest
    DYSPHONIA(hoarseness)
     Dysphonia is the result of noise
    formed by turbulent airflow in the
    larynx
     as well as by irregularities of the
    normally periodic vibrations of the
    vocal cords
    Aetiology
     Congenital

     Traumatic

     Inflammatory

     Neoplastic

     Functional
    Congenital
     Laryngomalacia (75%)

    ---Manifests at birth or soon after


    birth.
    ---The soft, immature cartilage of the
    upper larynx collapses inward during
    inhalation, causing stridor or airway
    obstruction
    ---Usually disappears by 2 years of age,
    so the treatment is conservative.
    ---Tracheostomy may be required for
    severe respiratory obstruction
    Congenital

     vocal cord paralysis(10%)

    - unilateral or bilateral recurrent


    nerve palsies (idiopathic or birth
    trauma)
    Traumatic
     Insidethe Laryngeal cavity(internal )
    - intubation
    A:dislocation of the cricoarytenoid joint
    Traumatic
     Insidethe Laryngeal cavity(internal )
    - intubation
    A:dislocation of the cricoarytenoid joint
    --- shortly after removal of the tube
    --- dysphonia, coughing and haemoptysis
    B:granuloma of larynx
    ---2 to 8 weeks later after intubation
    --- repeated /incorrect/over longtime
    intubation, oversized tube
    Intubation granulomata
    Traumatic
     Outside of the laryngeal cavity(external)

    ---blunt or penetrating injuries


    --- haematoma, oedema and
    arytenoid dislocation.
    --- in contact sport, assault
    Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
    - unilateral - breathy voice due to air
    loss. Improves later as other cord
    compensates

    - bilateral – may result in aphonia or


    laryngeal obstruction
    Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
     causes
    - Blunt or sharp trauma
    - Surgery(thyroidectomy)
    - Ca bronchus / oesophagus
    - Pulmonary TB
    -bacteria /virus infection--neuritis
    - Idiopathic
    Inflammatory
     Acute laryngitis

     Chronic laryngitis
    Acute laryngitis
     Aninflammation of the vocal fold
    mucosa and larynx lasting fewer
    than 3 weeks.
    Etilogy
    Infection (usually viral upper
    respiratory infection)
    Gastroesophageal reflux
    Environmental insults
    (pollution)
    vocal abuse
    Clinical manifestation
    Symptom of an upper
    respiratory tract infection (ie.,
    fever, cough, rhinitis, etc)
    Dysphonia or hoarseness
    Discomfort or pain in throat
    Dry, irritating cough
    Sign
     Diffuse congestion and
    edema of the laryngeal
    mucous, particularly the
    vocal folds.
     get thicken of the vocal
    folds.
     Note the presence of normal
    vocal fold morbility and
    the absence of airway
    obstruction.
    Treatment
    Complete voice rest:
    Ultrasonic nebulization:
    glucocorticoid
    Antibiotics if there are infection
    of bacteria.
    Chinese herbs
    Chronic laryngitis
     Is a diffuse inflammatory condition
    symmetrically involving the whole
    larynx
    Cause
     Voice abuse can be pertinent to professional
    singers and to occasional shouters.
     Environmental factor: such as dust, fumes,
    smoking, drinking, chemical and toxins, etc.
     Chronic inflammation of nasal cavity, sinus
    and throat:
     Acute laryngitis attacks repeatedly or retains
    for a long time.
     Chronic infection in the lower respiratory tract,
    cough for a long-term and purulent secretion
    stimulating the laryngeal mucosa.
    Clinical manifestation
     dysphonia: Voice quality and
    quantity may fluctuate, although
    complete recovery never occurs.
     Discomfort and dryness of the
    larynx
     Chronic cough: usually is dry cough.
     Laryngeal secretion is increasingly
    Sign

     Redness and thickening of the entire


    laryngeal mucosa in a diffuse form.
    Treatment
    Treatment depends upon
    cause and often involves the
    patient completely altering
    their lifestyle.
    Nebulization
    Chinese herbs
    Vocal cord polyp
    and nodulus

     They are special forms of chronic


    laryngitis.
    Sign
    Nodule: bilateral opposing “knot”
    occur at junction of anterior and
    middle third of vocal cord
    (maximum work load in the cords)
    Polyp: larger than nodules, but similiar location
    Treatment
    Strict voice rest

    Surgical excision

    Speech therapy for


    proper voice production
    Tumor of larynx

    Benign tumor Malignant tumor


    papiloma carcinoma
    hemangioma
    fibroma
    neurofibroma
    Functional dysphonia
     an abnormal voice is produced in the
    absence of vocal pathologies
     women: men =8:1
     created by anxiety, stress,
    depression, or interpersonal conflict
     Enables the person to avoid facing
    the interpersonal conflict directly or
    uncomfortable situation
    Thank you

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