Body System Approach: Emdat Suprayitno S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

BODY SYSTEM APPROACH
PART I
EMDAT SUPRAYITNO S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

The Body Systems
Everyone is different. We have different skin
colors, hair colors, body shapes and sizes but we
all look alike inside. If you could peek inside your
own body, what would you see? Hundreds of
bones, miles of blood vessels, and trillions of cells,
all of which are constantly working together, doing
all kinds of different things.
1. The Anatomy and Physiology of
the Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory
System
 Air Distributor
 Gas exchanger
 Filters, warms, and humidifies
air
 Influences speech
 Allows for sense of smell
Divisions of the Respiratory System
 Upper respiratory
tract (outside
thorax)
 Nose
 Nasal Cavity
 Sinuses
 Pharynx
 Larynx
Divisions of the Respiratory System
 Lower respiratory
tract (within
thorax)
 Trachea
 Bronchial Tree
 Lungs
Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract
(Plural – bronchi) Bronchioles
Respiratory Physiology
Pulmonary Ventilation = breathing

– Mechanism
• Movement of gases
through a pressure
gradient - hi to low.
• When atmospheric
pressure (760 mmHg)
is greater than lung
pressure ---- air flows
in = inspiration.
• When lung pressure is
greater than
atmospheric pressure
---- air flows out =
expiration.
Respiratory Physiology
• Pressure gradients are established by changes in
thoracic cavity.
– increase size in thorax = a decrease in pressure --- air
moves in.
– Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure --- air
moves out.
Inspiration
-contraction of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
Expiration
• relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal
muscles
Review Questions
Which of the following is not a function of
the respiratory system?
A. influence speech
B. Distribution of oxygen to cells
C. Filtration of air
D. Warming of air
During inspiration which of the
following does not occur?
A. Diaphragm contracts
B. Intercostals relax
C. Diaphragm flattens
D. Size of thorax increases
Air is forced into the lungs by the
contraction of the…
A. Alveoli
B. Bronchioles
C. Diaphragm
D. Heart
2. Heart Anatomy
Coverings of the Heart:
Anatomy
• Pericardium – a double-walled sac
around the heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous pericardium
2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of
the fibrous pericardium
b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the
surface of the heart
• They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial
cavity
Coverings of the Heart:
Physiology
• The Function of the Pericardium:
– Protects and anchors the heart
– Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
– Allows for the heart to work in a relatively
friction-free environment
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular

System
Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Heart Wall
• Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous
pericardium
• Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer
forming the bulk of the heart
• Fibrous skeleton of the heart –
crisscrossing, interlacing layer of
connective tissue
• Endocardium – endothelial layer of the
inner myocardial surface
External Heart: Anterior View

System
External Heart: Posterior View
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 22

System
Gross Anatomy of Heart:
Frontal Section

System
Ventricles of the Heart
• Ventricles are the discharging chambers of
the heart
• Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae
muscles mark ventricular walls
• Right ventricle pumps blood into the
pulmonary trunk
• Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

System
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 2518.5

Figure
System
Coronary Circulation
• Coronary circulation is the functional
blood supply to the heart muscle itself
• Collateral routes ensure blood delivery to
heart even if major vessels are occluded

System
Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply
27
Coronary Circulation: Venous Supply

System Figure 18.7b
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
• Heart muscle:
– Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable
(automaticity)
– Contracts as a unit
– Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory
period
• Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to
skeletal muscle contraction

System
Heart Physiology: Intrinsic
Conduction System
• Autorhythmic cells:
– Initiate action potentials
– Have unstable resting potentials called
pacemaker potentials
– Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for
rising phase of the action potential

System
Heart Physiology: Sequence of
Excitation

System Figure 18.14a
Heart Excitation Related to ECG
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular Figure32

18.17
System
Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart
• Heart is
stimulated by the
sympathetic
cardioaccelerator
y center
• Heart is inhibited
by the
parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory
center
System Figure 18.15
Heart Sounds
• Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated
with closing of heart valves
– First sound occurs as AV valves close and
signifies beginning of systole (contraction)
– Second sound occurs when SL valves close
at the beginning of ventricular diastole
(relaxation)

System
Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle refers to all events
associated with blood flow through the
heart
– Systole – contraction of heart muscle
– Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle

System
The Nervous System
Brain Teaser
8 15 14 9 1 6 3
Which number comes next in the sequence?

4,7,10 or 12 ?
Functions of the Nervous
System
1. Control center for all body activities
2. Responds and adapts to changes that
occur both inside and outside the body
(Ex: pain, temperature)
Central Nervous System
Neurons : microscopic
nerve cells that
make up the brain,
spinal cord, and
nerves
Anatomy of a Neuron
Each neuron contains:
- Cell body with
nucleus
- Dendrites : fibers
that receive
messages from
other neurons
- Axons : fibers that
send messages to
other neurons
• Neurons do NOT
touch; there is a gap
between them called
a synapse
• Messages are sent

across the synapses
by special chemicals
called
neurotransmitters
Communication Between
Neurons
- The use of
neurotransmitters
causes an electrical
current
There is enough
electrical current in
the brain to power a
flashlight
Two Major Divisions
of the Nervous
System
Brain : a mass of 100
billion neurons
located inside the
skull
-Learning occurs as
more and stronger
connections are
made between
neurons
Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebrum : largest part
of human brain
- Responsible for:
- Thought
- Language
- Senses
- Memory
- Voluntary
movement
Cerebellum : at base
of brain
-Responsible for:
- Muscle
coordination
- Balance
- Posture
Brain Stem : connects
brain to spinal cord
-Responsible for:
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Heartbeat
- Blood pressure
Spinal Cord : Column
of nerves from brain
to tailbone –
protected by
vertebrae of spine
- Responsible for:
- Conducting
impulses between
the brain and the
rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves : visible
bundles of axons and
dendrites that entend
from the brain and
spinal cord to all other
parts of the body
-Responsibilities:
- Sensory nerves -
carry messages
from body to brain
(pain, pressure,
temperature)
- Motor nerves –
carry messages
from brain to body to
respond

Body System Approach: Emdat Suprayitno S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Body System Approach: Emdat Suprayitno S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Body System Approach: Emdat Suprayitno S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BODY SYSTEM APPROACH

EMDAT SUPRAYITNO S.Kep.,Ns.M.Kep

Pulmonary Ventilation = breathing

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 22

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 2518.5

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 26

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 28

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 29

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 30

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 31

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular Figure32

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 34

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular 35

Which number comes next in the sequence?

• Messages are sent

You might also like