Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar - Chapter 9

MARITIME ECONOMICS
CHAPTER 9:
THE GEOGRAPHY OF MARITIME TRADE
Nama : Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar

NRP : 04211745000024
Email : [email protected]
No.Hp : 085842989360
9.1 THE VALUE ADDED BY SEABORNE TRANSPORT
Originated from Vasco da Gama who sold spices to Europe in 1457.

making shipping by sea better and more efficient and increasing the value of
sea trade. so that today the cargo moves more than 3,000 in commercial
ports.
So in this chapter we will study the oceans, continents, countries,
manufacturing centers and ports that form the sea transportation matrix. In
this chapter we will review the physical framework in which delivery the
industry operates, starting with the oceans, oceans and transit times. We
will then make it a short tour of three major oceans, the Atlantic, the Pacific
and India, and discuss economy of the main trading area in it. In doing this
we will refer to a series of maps and specifically four tables: Table 9.1 which
contains an overview of Table 9.1 International seaborne imports and
exports by region, 2005
Web : https://safety4sea.com/unctad-seaborne-trade-v
olume-reached-10-7-billion-tons-in-2017/
9.2 OCEANS, DISTANCES AND TRANSIT TIMES
Maritime trade is dominated by three economic centres, North America, Europe and Asia, strung out along the
‘Westline’ we studied in Chapter 1 (see Figure 9.1). The heavy black line in the map shows the shipping route between
these three centres which is followed by container-ships and other specialized vessels such as car carriers and chemical
tankers, carrying a wide range of merchandise. The lighter lines mark the main routes followed by bulk vessels carrying
raw materials such as oil, iron ore, coal, grain and phosphate rock into the three economic centres. Europe, where it all
started, lies in the centre of the figure, with North America on the left and Asia on the right. Together they have over 90% of
the world’s manufacturing industry and much of its technology. Their multinational corporations own most of the world’s
patents, develop most of the new technology, and one way or another they initiate and direct a large proportion of the
investment and trade in raw materials and manufactures
. Sonaturally they also dominate sea trade.
Web : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Major- Figure 9.3

shipping-routes-adapted-from-Stopford-2009-p- Four maritime logistics variables
348_fig2_319433823 Source: Martin Stopford, 2007
9.3 THE MARITIME TRADING NETWORK
At the heart of the maritime logistics model are the oceans and seas where the merchantships operate. The Atlantic, the
Pacific and the Indian Ocean cover 71% of the globe –361 million square kilometres of the globe’s surface area of 509
million square kilometres.The Pacific is the largest, followed by the Atlantic, then the Indian Ocean.The Atlantic maritime
area The main countries of the Atlantic and its associated seas, the Baltic, the Mediterranean,
and the Black Sea, are shown in Figure 9.4, whilst the economic statistics of the larger Atlantic economies are presented
in Table 9.4. It is well suited to sea trade, being S-shaped and narrow in relation to its length, so the distance between the
industrial economies on either side is little more than 3,000 miles or about 10 days’ steaming for a 13 knot bulk carrier or
5 days for a fast container-ship. However, the north–south distances are much greater: from Rotterdam to Montevideo or
Cape Town is 6,200 miles or about 19 days’ steaming for a bulk carrier. Because the continents on either side of the
North Atlantic slope gently towards its shores, it is well served by navigable rivers which provide cheap transport into the
interior of the continents. In fact the 5.8 million hectares of land which Table 9.4 The economies
drain into the Atlantic is only 20% less than the 7.1 million hectares of the Atlantic trading countries 2005
Web : https://www.visualcapitalist.com/
medieval-trade-route-map/
9.4 EUROPE’S SEABORNE TRADE
Europe, still one of the world’s biggest trading regions, as Western Europe, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean
Sea. Western Europe accounts for 23% of world imports and exports, whilst Russia and Eastern Europe account
for another 3% . This makes its trade twice the size of that of North America. Over the last 40 years exports have
grown more consistently than imports which stagnated in the early 1970s, fell in the early 1980s and then resumed
low growth (Figure 9.7). In 2005 Europe imported 2.1 billion tonnes of cargo and exported 1.2 billion tonnes,
explaining why European companies play a leading part in the shipping industry, owning 42% of the world fleet.
Europe’s importance in trade is explained
Web: http://www.cruisin.me/cruise-port-tracker/europe/
Figure 9.7 Europe’s seaborne trade

Source: United Nations and UNCTAD
9.5 NORTH AMERICA’S SEABORNE TRADE
North America, which includes Canada and the USA, accounted for 12% of world seaborne trade in 2005, and its import
trade grew from 294 mt in 1965 to 1124 mt in 2005, whilst exports are lower, increasing from 232 mt to 598 mt (Figure 9.9).
It is the world’s largest economic region, with a population of 329 million and a GDP in excess of $13.6 trillion, a quarter of
the world’s GDP. With a total area of 1.9 million hectares, it is eight times the size of western Europe. In 2006 the USA
produced 100 mt of steel, 329 mt of cereals, 368 mt of oil, 951 mt of coal, 509 billion cubic metres of natural gas and 55 mt
of iron ore. As one of the world’s richest areas, the North American market for manufactures has grown rapidly and
imports of motor vehicles and a wide array of containerized consumer goods have increasingly been supplied by Europe
and the Far East.
Web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_
Figure 9.9 North America’s seaborne trade of_ports_in_the_United_States
9.6 SOUTH AMERICA’S SEABORNE TRADE
South America has a very different trading pattern from North America. It is still mainly a primary
producing region, generating about 974 mt of exports and 368 mt of imports each year, as shown by
the graph in Figure 9.11. Over the last 40 years exports have followed a volatile path upwards, more
than doubling between 1985 and 2005, whilst since the early 1970s imports have grown slowly. . The
Caribbean and Central America region starts with Mexico in the north, takes in the Caribbean islands
and stretches down the coastline to Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The
population of 269 million in 2005 and GDP of about $0.92 trillion, less than one-tenth the size of North
America, is spread among many islands and the coastal states ringing the southern shores of the Gulf
of mexico
Web : http://www.cruisin.me/cruise-port-tracker/south-america/
Figure 9.11 South America’s seaborne trade
9.7 ASIA’S SEABORNE TRADE
Economically these countries cluster into four groups. The first consists of Japan and its near neighbour, South Korea.
They are mature industrial economies, each supporting a major concentration of maritime activity, including two-
thirds of the world’s shipbuilding capacity. Second, China has a long coastline stretching from Dalian to Shenzen.
Third, we have Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Singapore and the Malacca Straits leading to the Indian Ocean (note
that India and Myanmar are also included in the trade statistics in Figure 9.14). Finally, on the southern side of the
China Sea are the heavily populated islands of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Taken together, Asia is the
world’s largest seaborne trading area, importing 2.9 billion tons of cargo in 2005 and exporting 1.6 billion tons, 50%
more than western Europe. It is also growing rapidly (see Figure 9.14). clearly moving through the material-intensive
stages of the trade development cycle, a fact which becomes more apparent as we review the individual economies. The
graphs of imports and exports in Figure 9.14 split the region into three parts – Japan, China and southern and eastern
Asia.
Figure 9.14 Asia’s seaborne trade Web :https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/

Source: United Nations and UNCTAD Southeast-Asian-ports-thirst-for-more-seaborne-trade
9.8 AFRICA’S SEABORNE TRADE
Africa is a large continent covering 1.8 billion hectares, but its trade is smaller than might be expected from such a
large continent. It is a poor region of the world, and in 2005 GDP was $758 per capita. Forty countries are engaged
in seaborne trade, and in 2005 they imported 258 mt of cargo and exported 602 mt, accounting for 6% of world
trade, split between North Africa (346 mt), West Africa (248 mt), East Africa (36 mt) and South Africa (211 mt) as
shown in Table Two-thirds of the export cargo is oil from Nigeria. The remainder is dry cargo exports, mainly iron
ore (Mauritania), phosphate rock (Morocco), bauxite (Guinea) and various agricultural products. The average
income in 2005 was over $2,000 per capita, much higher than West Africa, and Libya, a major oil exporter, had an
income of $6500 per capita, making it one of the wealthiest countries in Africa. 45 million and an average income of
$25,000. This puts it in the same bracket as European countries in terms of size and wealth. Between 1990 and
2005 the trade volume of both imports and exports grew slowly at about 1% per annum, as shownin Figure 9.16.
Figure 9.16 Africa’s seaborne trade Web : http://www.amssa.net/framework/MOWCA.aspx

9.9 THE SEABORNE TRADE OF THE MIDDLE EAST, CENTRAL ASIA AND RUSSIA
At the top of the map Russia has major oilfields located to the north and north-west of the Caspian Sea, plus a third area of
reserves located at Sakhalin Island on Russia’s eastern coast and not shown on this map. These are located in or close to the
Arctic The Middle East, central Asia and Russia form a convenient group because all three regional economies depend heavily
on the export of oil. Between them they had 71.5% of the world’s oil reserves in 2005, and in recent years they have been the
marginal suppliers of this commodity to the world economy. With the largest oil reserves and good sea access, in the last 20
years the Middle East has been an active area for the world shipping industry. Russia’s economic development strategy in the
early twenty-first century focuses heavily on the export of primary commodities, particularly oil and gas, of which it has 13% of
the world reserves. mainly due to oil exports. Figure 9.18 shows the development of imports and exports over the last 40 years.
strategy in the early twenty-first century focuses heavily on the export of primary commodities, of which it has 13% of the
world reserves. Figure 9.19 shows that following the break-up of the former Soviet Union
Web : https://id.pinterest.com/pin
Figure 9.18 and 9.19 Middle East and Rusia seaborne trade
9.10 THE TRADE OF AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA
Australia has a population of 20 million and in 2005 its GDP was $701 billion, about the same as that of
South Korea. However, it is physically almost the size of China, with a land area of 771 million hectares.
On the north-west coast of Western Australia there are major iron ore deposits, and in 2005 Australia
had 38% of world iron ore export market, exporting 241 million tonnes of ore through Port Headland,
Port Walcott and Dampier. Dampier handles about 80 million tonnes of iron ore a year and 11 million
tonnes of LNG and LPG from the local gas fields. It is well endowed with raw materials, and Australia is
a leading exporter of primary commodities, principally iron ore, coal, bauxite and grain. It can be seen
from Figure 9.20 that in the decade 1995–2005 exports doubled from 300 million tons to 600 million
tons.
Figure 9.20 Oceania seaborne trade Web : https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/oceania-physical-

Source: United Nations and UNCTAD geography/

Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar - Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar - Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar - Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MARITIME ECONOMICS

Nama : Ryo Ardhi Surya Gumelar

Originated from Vasco da Gama who sold spices to Europe in 1457.

Web : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Major- Figure 9.3

Figure 9.7 Europe’s seaborne trade

Figure 9.14 Asia’s seaborne trade Web :https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/

Figure 9.16 Africa’s seaborne trade Web : http://www.amssa.net/framework/MOWCA.aspx

Figure 9.20 Oceania seaborne trade Web : https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/oceania-physical-

You might also like