BC2 L7 Site Preparation

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SITE PREPARATION

BDC 201 Building Construction 2


Introduction  Site study:
• What is Site Study?  Prior entering the site please make sure that the site analysis has
• What is Site Preparation? been done.
• Description of the process  Most of the consideration can be found in BDC 101 lecture note
entitle: Site Analysis and Set Up
 In BC 2: a more practical approach from a site management points
of view

 Site Preparation:
 A process of preparing a construction site for a construction project
 Involves technical skills, management skills, site experience and
knowledge.
 Two major categories are:
 Site setting and
 Earthwork

 In this lecture; a short description on how the process is done on


site will be given
Site Study  Site study:
• Why Site Study?  Site study is a process of gathering information prior entering the
• What need to be done prior site.
entering a site?  From site study we will be able to manage the site properly; among
• What type of the important documents required are:
information/documents that we  Survey Plan
should have/check?
 Key Plan & Location Plan
 Site Plan & Working Drawing
 Geotechnical report
 Development order & Building Approval
 From these documents we will be able to identify;
 Exact location and dimension of the site: road access, surrounding
building, facilities, utility lines etc.
 Existing natural and built features within the site; slope, river, trees,
existing structure etc.
 Legal description and related authority and their requirements
 Soil type and conditions, soil bearing capacity, water table etc.
Site Preparation  Site Preparation:
• What is site preparation? Site preparation is one of the preliminary works to be done for starting
construction works.
There are two major category of site preparation:
1. Site Setting:
 Site setting involves identifying, sizing, access and placing temporary
facilities (TFs) within the boundaries of construction site.
 Enable the management to make considerable improvement by
minimizing travel time, waiting time, and increasing worker morale by
showing better and safer work environment.
 Required temporary facilities and their areas are depending in many
factors including project type, scale, design, location, and organization
of construction work.
2. Earthwork:
 Earthwork is part of site preparation that enable us to have a suitable
site (involving earth) condition/form in realizing a project.
Site Setting  Site Setting:
• What we do in site setting?  Site setting involves identifying, sizing, access and placing
• Why we need to do site setting? temporary facilities (TFs) within the boundaries of construction site.
• What are the temporary  Site setting enable us to ensure that the site is safe, secure and
facilities? accessible for the people, material and machinery involve during the
construction.
 This should promote good relationships between management and
staff; it should also reduce the loss of materials due to theft,
accidental damage or vandalism.
 The better the facilities and amenities provided on a building site,
the greater will be the contentment of the site staff, which will
ultimately lead to higher productivity.
 Temporary facilities on site are for the purpose of:
 Working space & Accommodation
 Storage
 Security
Site Setting  Work Space & Accommodation:
• Working space &  It is an obligation for the contractor to provide accommodation and
Accommodation facilities for on/off sites throughout the construction industry (at
• Storage least in Malaysia).
• Security  In most contract, accommodation for a site office on site is a
compulsory.
 Requirements will vary with regard to the number of personnel on
site and in some cases the anticipated duration of the contract.
 Offices need to be weatherproof, lit and furnished with desks, work-
surfaces, plan chests and chairs to suit the office activity.
 Units of site office usually come in one of two forms:
 semi-portable units
 mobile caravans or cabins.
 Preliminary planning is necessary to anticipate the amount and type of temporary
Site Setting accommodation, site space/location and facilities required for material storage and
• Working space & use by site personnel.
Accommodation
• Storage
• Security
Site Office  Semi Portable Units:
• semi-portable units
• mobile caravans or cabins.
Site Office  Mobile Caravans or Cabins:
• semi-portable units
• mobile caravans or cabins.
Staff
accommodation
Staff
accommodation
 The type of storage facilities required of any particular material will depend upon the
Storage following factors:
 durability – will it need protection from the elements?
 vulnerability to damage
 vulnerability to theft.

 Cement, plaster and lime supplied in bag form require a dry store free from draughts,
which can bring in moist air and may cause an air set of material.
 Cement, plaster and lime should not be stored for long periods on site: therefore provision
should be made for rotational use so that the material being used comes from the older
stock.
 Aggregates such as sand and ballast require a clean firm base to ensure that foreign
matter is not included when extracting materials from the base of the stockpile.
 Bricks and blocks should be stacked in stable piles on a level and well-drained surface in a
position where double handling is reduced to a minimum.
 Facing bricks and light-coloured bricks can become discoloured by atmospheric pollution
and/or adverse weather conditions; in these situations the brick stacks should be covered
 Timber is a hygroscopic material, and therefore to prevent undue moisture movement it
should be stored in such a manner that its moisture content remains fairly constant.
Storage
Security  A building site and the compound can be given a degree of protection by
surrounding with a fence.
• Fencing and
 The fence fulfils two functions:
Hoarding  it defines the limit of the site or compound;
 it acts as a deterrent to the would-be trespasser or thief (even wild animals)

 A fence can be constructed to provide a physical barrier of solid


construction or a visual barrier of open-work construction.
 If the site is to be fenced as part of the contract it may be advantageous to
carry out this work at the beginning of the site operations.
 The type of fencing chosen will depend upon the degree of security
required, cost implications, type of neighbourhood and duration of
contract.
 A security fence around the site or compound should be at least 1.800 m
high above the ground and include the minimum number of access points,
which should each have a lockable barrier or gate.
Security
• Fencing and
• Hoarding
Security  Hoarding are close-boarded fences or barriers erected adjacent to a
highway or public footpath
• Fencing and
 to prevent unauthorised persons obtaining access to the site, and to
Hoarding provide a degree of protection for the public from the dust and noise
associated with building operations.
 it is necessary to obtain written permission from the local authority to
erect a hoarding.
 the permission, which is in the form of a licence, sets out the conditions
and gives details of duration, provision of footway for the public, and the
need for lighting during the hours of darkness.
 Two forms of hoarding are in common use:
 Vertical hoardings
 Fan hoardings.
Security  The vertical hoardings consist of a series of close-boarded panels
securely fixed to resist wind loads and accidental impact loads. It
• Fencing and can be free standing, or fixed by stays to the external walls of an
Hoarding existing building

Vertical hoarding design facing highway: Source DBKL


• A fan hoarding fulfils its function by
Security being placed at a level above the
• Fencing and normal traffic height and arranged
in such a manner that any falling
Hoarding debris is directed back towards the
building or scaffold

PL AN

ELEVATION
Security
• Fencing and
Hoarding

PLAN

FRONT ELEVATION SECTION


Earthworks  Earthworks are any work that involve the modification of the earth on
site
• What is earthwork?
 Four main activities of earthworks are:
 Site Clearance
 Site levelling
 Subsoil Drainage
 Excavation works

 The site should be cleared of all obstructions such as:


 woody vegetation, where the roots can cause severe cracking.
 tree stumps which, when decaying, can also weaken concrete structure
by leaving voids in the soil.
 large stones, which may need to be dug out.
 ant hills and animal burrows, which should be dug completely; clayey
soil should be tramped into the hole created.
 Site clearance involves the removal of walls, hedges, ditches, and
Earthworks trees, other vegetation and services from the site.
• Site Clearance
 The site clearance is usually prepared in two steps:
 first the vegetation is cleared, and then
 the surface soil layer is removed.

 These operations can be done either by hand or by machine.


 Site clearance involves the removal of walls, hedges, ditches, and
Earthworks trees, other vegetation and services from the site.
Surface Soil Removal
Earthworks
• Site Clearance  Surface soil has the highest concentration of roots and decaying
organic materials. This soil is unstable as a construction material and
cannot be used for the foundations of any structure. Therefore the
surface soil should be removed from the areas where:
 structures will be built;
 soil will be taken as construction material.

 Soil may also be required outside the site to supply topsoil for newly
constructed areas to improve the soil condition.
Earthworks Excavation:
• Excavation  Earthworks involve the stripping of topsoil and digging out of
subsoil to make way for construction works.
Earthworks Excavation purposes:
• Excavation  drainage or service installation
 strip foundations
 trial pits for service location, archaeological investigation and
sampling.
Earthworks Excavation: Construction Method
• Excavation  The construction methods depends on the type of soil and the
depth of the excavation work
 The basic are:
 Benched Excavation
 Sheeted Excavation
Earthworks
• Excavation
Earthworks Excavation: Soldier Beam and Lagging
• Excavation
Earthworks Excavation: Sheet Piling
• Excavation
Earthworks Subsoil drainage:
• Subsoil drainage  Subsoil drainage shall be provided if it is needed to avoid:
 the passage of ground moisture to the interior of the building;
 damage to the fabric of the building.

 The objective of subsoil drainage is to lower the water table to a


level such that it will comply with building need, i.e. not rise to
within 0.25 m of the lowest floor of a building.
 It also has the advantage of improving the stability of the ground,
lowering the humidity of the site, and improving its horticultural
properties.
Earthworks Subsoil drainage:
• Subsoil drainage  It also has the advantage of improving the stability of the ground,
lowering the humidity of the site, and improving its horticultural
properties.

An Ideal Site
Earthworks Subsoil drainage type:
• Subsoil drainage  The pipes used in subsoil drainage are usually dry jointed and are
either porous or perforated pipes.
 The porous pipes absorb the water through their walls and thus
keep out the fine particles of soil or silt, whereas perforated pipes,
which are laid with the perforations at the base, allow the water to
rise into the pipe, leaving any silt behind.
Earthworks Subsoil drainage layout:
• Subsoil drainage  The pipes are arranged in a pattern to cover as much of the site as
is necessary. Typical arrangements are shown here.
 Water will naturally flow towards the easy passage provided by
the drainage runs. The system is terminated at a suitable outfall
such as a river, stream or surface water sewer.
Earthworks Subsoil drainage discharge point if outfall to stream:
• Subsoil drainage
Earthworks Subsoil drainage discharge point if outfall to surface water sewer or
drain:
• Subsoil drainage
 On large schemes sediment chambers or catch pits are sometimes
included .
 The pits designed to interrupts the flow of subsoil water in the
drains and enables some of the silt to settle on the base of the
catch pit. The collected silt in the catch pit must be removed at
regular intervals.
Introduction Setting Out:
• What is Setting out?
 Setting out involves transferring details of the
positioning of the building from a drawing onto the
site.
 It requires a number of setting-out lines and pegs. The
pegs are positioned away from construction activities
in order to ensure that they remain undisturbed.
 Understand your site:
 Where construction is being carried out, it’s usually
necessary to:
 accurately locate boundary lines
 determine ground conditions
 verify the location of underground and overhead services
Introduction Setting Out:
• What is Setting out?
 Building set-out starts with the designer – the building
needs to be designed to fit to site area, set-backs and
height envelopes. Careful and unambiguous set-out
instructions on the drawings make it easier for the
builder to follow.
 The designer’s instructions must:
 determine the reference point for the set-out – the
front or side boundary (boundary pegs must be located)
 give single offsets from the building to the most critical
points on the boundaries.
 establish a permanent datum point for setting out the
height of the building in relation to the ground or other
identified features – the datum point may be well clear
of the building and established on a fixed feature such
as a manhole cover.
Introduction Setting Out: Regular Site
• What is Setting out?
Introduction  Setting Out: Irregular Site
• What is Staking out?
• How to stake out?
Introduction  Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?  the process of relocating the point of boundaries and
• How to stake out? property line of the site where the building is to be
constructed.
 It includes clearing, staking, batter boards and establishing
the exact location of the building foundation and wall line on
the ground.
 Some of the important terms in staking out are:
 Stake - are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
end - driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or
support of the batter boards.
 Batter board - wood stick or board nailed horizontally at
the stake which serves as the horizontal plane where the
reference point of building measurements are
established.
 String - is either plastic chord or galvanized wire across
the batter board used to indicate the outline of the
building wall and foundation.
Introduction  Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?
• How to stake out?
Introduction  Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?  How to draw/transfer building gridlines on the site.
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?  Main issues to consider:
 The building is on the exact location
 The corner is at the right angle
 The location of foundation/excavation work
 The level of the building platform
 The equipment are:
 Measuring tape
 String
 Spirit level
 Stake
 Batter board
Introduction  Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?

Profile board
Introduction  Step 1:
• What is Staking out?  Before the construction begins see to it that a
• What should be considered? development order (DO)/permit is first secured from the
• How to stake out?
local authorities concerned.
 Step 2.
 Relocate the ·boundaries of the construction site.
 It is suggested that the relocation of the property
line shall be done by a site land surveyor especially
for those. lots without existing reference points or
adjoining structures.
 The items that should be checked are:
 Boundary mark stones/pegs
 Reference Levels i.e. Road Level, datum
Introduction
• What is Staking out?  The road level (RL) is usually indicated in the site plan
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?
 It is advisable to ensure your floor level (FL) is higher than
the road level to avoid flood.

 If the preference is to set it lower; it must be 150mm


higher than the lowest boundary point and an alternative
good draining system will be in place.
Introduction  Step 3.
• What is Staking out?  Verify the ·measurement in the plan if the
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out? distances indicated are from:
1. Center to center
2. Center to outer
3. Outer to outer
4. Inside to inside
Introduction  Step 4.
• What is Staking out?  Fix the batter board to its horizontal position with the
• What should be considered? aid of a level instrument preferably plastic hose with.
• How to stake out? water.
 Usually, the batter board is aligned with the ground floor
elevation. The important points in the plan such as post
distances and wall corners are indicated on the batter
board by common wire nails wherein the string is tied
and laid across the opposite direction of the batter
board.
 Most if not all building plans are parallel with the fronting
street, the setback of the building from the road is first
verified from the plan and is marked as the reference line
where to start the measurement.
 Establish the. corner to 90° angle with the aid of
plywood or stick made to a right triangle.
 The use of transit instrument is preferred for a large
construction but is seldom used on small and medium
projects.
Introduction
• What is Staking out?
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?

 After establishing the reference point and line of the footing,


transfer the intersecting points of the string on the ground by the
aid of plumb bob and indicate the size and width to be excavated.
Introduction Trench excavation:
• What is trench excavation?
 An excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression in the earth's surface formed by earth removal.
 A trench is defined as a narrow underground excavation that
is deeper than it is wide, and is no wider than 15 feet (4.5
meters).
 Excavations may be classified as shallow, medium or deep as
follows:
1. shallow – up to 1.5 m deep;
2. medium – 1.5–3.0 m deep;
3. deep – over 3.0 m deep.
Introduction  Establishing the correct depth of the trench using a traveller
• Establishing depth of trench?
Introduction The method of excavation and earthwork support to be used in any
particular case will depend upon a number of factors:
• How to determine the type of
trench excavation and  The nature of the subsoil
timbering?  The purpose of the excavation can determine minimum widths,
minimum depths and the placing of support members to give a
reasonable working space within the excavation.
 The presence of groundwater.
 The position of the excavation may impose certain restrictions
such as the need for a licence or wayleave, highway authority or
police requirements when excavating in a public road.
 The presence of a large number of services may restrict the use of
machinery to such an extent that it becomes uneconomic.
 The disposal of the excavated spoil may restrict the choice of plant
because the load and unload cycle does not keep pace with the
machine output.
Introduction OPEN EXCAVATION (Bulk Excavation) - an
• Basic types of excavation? excavation where the width is equal to or
greater than the depth.

TRENCH EXCAVATION - an excavation having a


depth which exceeds its width (max. 4m
measured at the bottom.
Introduction Six Factors for Soil Instability:
• Factors for soil instability? • Increase in depth
• Saturation and hardness of soil
• Hydrostatic Pressure (water table)
• Weight of excavated soil materials or equipment near
excavation
• Shock or vibration

This is why some earthwork support need to be considered and


provided.
Introduction General Requirements in Excavation Works:
• General requirements in trench
excavation?  Train Workers: employees who work in or around
excavations must be provided training according to
their work.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Public Protection & Traffic Control
Introduction PROTECTION SYSTEMS
• General requirements in trench
excavation?  The excavation or trench must either be sloped or
supported as required to comply with OSHA.
 Excavation over 1 m deep:
a. protection/support system must be installed except
when:
 There are no exposure
 Cut in solid rock
 With angle of repose
 Workers are protected during installation of shoring
b. kept free of water all the times
Introduction PROTECTION SYSTEMS
• General requirements in trench
excavation?
Introduction LOCATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
• General requirements in trench
excavation?
 Tools and excavated materials must be piled in a manner that it cannot
rollback into the excavation. It must never be closer than 1 meter from
edge of excavation.
 Equipment and heavy machinery shall not be place near the edge of
excavation at least 1/3 of its depth.
Introduction PROVISION FOR ACCESS/ EGRESS
• General requirements in trench  A suitable means of access/egress (ladders, stairways,etc)
excavation? must be provided for workers entering an excavation.
 A ladder must be located within 25 ft or 8m of a worker’s
working position.
Introduction The temporary support generally used in excavations is called planking
• Typical detail of earthwork and strutting and comprises the following:
support?
 vertical boards called poling boards to the faces of the excavation
 horizontal boards called sheeting boards to the faces of the
excavation
 horizontal bearers called walings spanning across the poling boards to
support them, down the length of the excavation
 horizontal struts spanning across the excavation between opposing
poling boards or walings to resist the pressure from the soil
 tapered wedges used to tighten the struts to the poling boards or
walings
Introduction  Typical timbering in hard soils
• Typical detail of earthwork
support?
 Typical timbering in firm soils
Introduction
• Typical detail of earthwork
support?
 Typical timbering in loose dry soils
Introduction
• Typical detail of earthwork
support?
 Typical timbering in loose wet soils
Introduction
• Typical detail of earthwork
support?
Thank You

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