BC2 L7 Site Preparation
BC2 L7 Site Preparation
BC2 L7 Site Preparation
Site Preparation:
A process of preparing a construction site for a construction project
Involves technical skills, management skills, site experience and
knowledge.
Two major categories are:
Site setting and
Earthwork
Cement, plaster and lime supplied in bag form require a dry store free from draughts,
which can bring in moist air and may cause an air set of material.
Cement, plaster and lime should not be stored for long periods on site: therefore provision
should be made for rotational use so that the material being used comes from the older
stock.
Aggregates such as sand and ballast require a clean firm base to ensure that foreign
matter is not included when extracting materials from the base of the stockpile.
Bricks and blocks should be stacked in stable piles on a level and well-drained surface in a
position where double handling is reduced to a minimum.
Facing bricks and light-coloured bricks can become discoloured by atmospheric pollution
and/or adverse weather conditions; in these situations the brick stacks should be covered
Timber is a hygroscopic material, and therefore to prevent undue moisture movement it
should be stored in such a manner that its moisture content remains fairly constant.
Storage
Security A building site and the compound can be given a degree of protection by
surrounding with a fence.
• Fencing and
The fence fulfils two functions:
Hoarding it defines the limit of the site or compound;
it acts as a deterrent to the would-be trespasser or thief (even wild animals)
PL AN
ELEVATION
Security
• Fencing and
Hoarding
PLAN
Soil may also be required outside the site to supply topsoil for newly
constructed areas to improve the soil condition.
Earthworks Excavation:
• Excavation Earthworks involve the stripping of topsoil and digging out of
subsoil to make way for construction works.
Earthworks Excavation purposes:
• Excavation drainage or service installation
strip foundations
trial pits for service location, archaeological investigation and
sampling.
Earthworks Excavation: Construction Method
• Excavation The construction methods depends on the type of soil and the
depth of the excavation work
The basic are:
Benched Excavation
Sheeted Excavation
Earthworks
• Excavation
Earthworks Excavation: Soldier Beam and Lagging
• Excavation
Earthworks Excavation: Sheet Piling
• Excavation
Earthworks Subsoil drainage:
• Subsoil drainage Subsoil drainage shall be provided if it is needed to avoid:
the passage of ground moisture to the interior of the building;
damage to the fabric of the building.
An Ideal Site
Earthworks Subsoil drainage type:
• Subsoil drainage The pipes used in subsoil drainage are usually dry jointed and are
either porous or perforated pipes.
The porous pipes absorb the water through their walls and thus
keep out the fine particles of soil or silt, whereas perforated pipes,
which are laid with the perforations at the base, allow the water to
rise into the pipe, leaving any silt behind.
Earthworks Subsoil drainage layout:
• Subsoil drainage The pipes are arranged in a pattern to cover as much of the site as
is necessary. Typical arrangements are shown here.
Water will naturally flow towards the easy passage provided by
the drainage runs. The system is terminated at a suitable outfall
such as a river, stream or surface water sewer.
Earthworks Subsoil drainage discharge point if outfall to stream:
• Subsoil drainage
Earthworks Subsoil drainage discharge point if outfall to surface water sewer or
drain:
• Subsoil drainage
On large schemes sediment chambers or catch pits are sometimes
included .
The pits designed to interrupts the flow of subsoil water in the
drains and enables some of the silt to settle on the base of the
catch pit. The collected silt in the catch pit must be removed at
regular intervals.
Introduction Setting Out:
• What is Setting out?
Setting out involves transferring details of the
positioning of the building from a drawing onto the
site.
It requires a number of setting-out lines and pegs. The
pegs are positioned away from construction activities
in order to ensure that they remain undisturbed.
Understand your site:
Where construction is being carried out, it’s usually
necessary to:
accurately locate boundary lines
determine ground conditions
verify the location of underground and overhead services
Introduction Setting Out:
• What is Setting out?
Building set-out starts with the designer – the building
needs to be designed to fit to site area, set-backs and
height envelopes. Careful and unambiguous set-out
instructions on the drawings make it easier for the
builder to follow.
The designer’s instructions must:
determine the reference point for the set-out – the
front or side boundary (boundary pegs must be located)
give single offsets from the building to the most critical
points on the boundaries.
establish a permanent datum point for setting out the
height of the building in relation to the ground or other
identified features – the datum point may be well clear
of the building and established on a fixed feature such
as a manhole cover.
Introduction Setting Out: Regular Site
• What is Setting out?
Introduction Setting Out: Irregular Site
• What is Staking out?
• How to stake out?
Introduction Staking Out:
• What is Staking out? the process of relocating the point of boundaries and
• How to stake out? property line of the site where the building is to be
constructed.
It includes clearing, staking, batter boards and establishing
the exact location of the building foundation and wall line on
the ground.
Some of the important terms in staking out are:
Stake - are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
end - driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or
support of the batter boards.
Batter board - wood stick or board nailed horizontally at
the stake which serves as the horizontal plane where the
reference point of building measurements are
established.
String - is either plastic chord or galvanized wire across
the batter board used to indicate the outline of the
building wall and foundation.
Introduction Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?
• How to stake out?
Introduction Staking Out:
• What is Staking out? How to draw/transfer building gridlines on the site.
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out? Main issues to consider:
The building is on the exact location
The corner is at the right angle
The location of foundation/excavation work
The level of the building platform
The equipment are:
Measuring tape
String
Spirit level
Stake
Batter board
Introduction Staking Out:
• What is Staking out?
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?
Profile board
Introduction Step 1:
• What is Staking out? Before the construction begins see to it that a
• What should be considered? development order (DO)/permit is first secured from the
• How to stake out?
local authorities concerned.
Step 2.
Relocate the ·boundaries of the construction site.
It is suggested that the relocation of the property
line shall be done by a site land surveyor especially
for those. lots without existing reference points or
adjoining structures.
The items that should be checked are:
Boundary mark stones/pegs
Reference Levels i.e. Road Level, datum
Introduction
• What is Staking out? The road level (RL) is usually indicated in the site plan
• What should be considered?
• How to stake out?
It is advisable to ensure your floor level (FL) is higher than
the road level to avoid flood.