ACSM Based Fitness Testing

ACSM Based Fitness
Testing
Blood Pressure
Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM
► Patient should be seated for at least 5 minutes in a chair
with their back supported and their arms bared and
supported at heart level. Patients should refrain from
smoking cigarettes or ingesting caffeine during the 30 min.
preceding the measurement.
► Wrap cuff firmly around upper arm at heart level; align
cuff with brachial artery
► The appropriate cuff size must be used to ensure accurate
measurement. The bladder of the cuff should encircle at
least 2/3 of the upper arm. Many adults require a large
adult cuff
Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM
► Place stethoscope bell below the antecubital
space over the brachial artery
► Quickly inflate cuff pressure to 20 mm Hg
above estimated systolic blood pressure.
► Slowly release pressure at a rate equal to 2
to 3 mm Hg per second, noting the first
Korotkoff sound
► Continue releasing pressure, noting when
sound becomes muffled (4th phase diastolic
BP) and when sound disappears (5th phase
diastolic BP). For classification purposes, the
latter is used.
Body Composition
Hydrostatic Weighing
Hydrostatic Weighing - ACSM
► Based on Archimedes’principle – when a body is immersed
in water, it is buoyed by a counterforce equal to the
weight of the water displaced. This loss of weight in
water, corrected for the density of water, allows
calculation of body volume.
► However, the volume of air in the lungs at the time of
measurement (usually residual volume must be accounted
for.
► Bone and muscle tissue are more dense than water,
whereas fat tissue is less dense. Therefore, a person with
more FFM for the same total body mass weighs more in
water and has a higher body density and lower
percentage of body fat.
► Although hydrostatic weighing is a standard method for
measuring body volume, several sources of error are
inherent in the procedure
Dr. Pritschet Dr. Emmett
BP JE
► Archimedes and King Hieron
► “Arch” knew that density = mass /
volume
► Arch knew the mass of the crown
► Volume = mass on land minus the
mass in water
► Underwater, Arch weighed gold
and silver each with the same
mass as the crown
► However, the volume for the gold
was different from the crown.
► “Eureka, the crown is a fraud.”
► Example. A person weighs 75 kg
in air and 3 kg in water.
► 72 kg of water was displaced
► Volume = 72 kg = 72 liters or
72,000 cm3
► Density = mass / volume
► Therefore the density would
equal 75 kg / 72,000 cm3, or
1.0416 g/cm3
► So?
► Body fat = (495 / D) - 450
► This is the Siri equation.
► (495 / 1.0416 g/cm3) – 450 =
25.23% body fat.
► Ifall measurements are
correct, the entire
procedure has a 1%
margin of error for body
fats between 4 and 30%.
Air Plethysmography (Bod
Pod)
Plethysmography - ACSM
► Body volume can also be measured by air
displacement rather than water displacement
(hydrostatic weighing).
► One commercial system uses a dual-chamber
plethysmograph that measures body volume by
changes in pressure in a closed chamber.
► This new technology shows great promise and can
more easily accommodate individuals who cannot
perform the procedures associated with
underwater weighing.
Air Plethysmography (Bod Pod)
 Similar principle as UWW

 Air instead of water
 Comparison
– Error = ±2-3%
– Costly
– Convenient for subject
– Low tech skills
Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM
► Abdominal – vertical
fold; 2 cm to the right of
the umbilicus
► Triceps – Vertical fold;
halfway between the
acromion and olecranon
process
► Chest – Diagonal fold;
1/2 the distance
between the anterior
axillary line and the
nipple (men) or 1/3 of
the distance for women
Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM
► Subscapular – Diagonal
fold (45° angle); 1 to 2
cm below the inferior
angle of the scapula
► Suprailiac – Diagonal
fold; in line with the
naturla angle of the iliac
crest taken in the anterior
axillary line immediately
superior to the iliac crest
► Thigh – Vertical fold; on
the anterior midline of
the thigh, ½ between the
proximal border of the
patella and the inguinal
crease (hip)
EIU ATP/AFP Equations
► Body Density (BD) Equations
► Males. BD = 1.1125025 - (0.0013125 x SK. FLD. SUM) +
(0.0000055 x SK. FLD. SUM2) - (0.000244 x age)
 Males - Triceps, Subscapular, and Chest
► Females. BD = 1.089733 - (0.0009245 x SK. FLD. SUM) +
(0.0000025 x SK. FLD. SUM2) - (0.0000979 x age)
 Females – Triceps, Suprailiac, and Abdominal
► Percent body fat = [(4.95/BD)-4.5] x 100
Bioelectric Impedance
► Measurement of
body water.
► Impedance or
(resistance)
decreases with body
water.
► Assumption that
body water is at a
constant value.
► 3-4% error
Bioelectric Impedance
Bioelectical Impedance Analysis
(BIA) - ACSM
► Abstain from eating or drinking with 4 hours

of the assessment
► Avoid moderate or vigorous physical activity
within 12 hours of the assessment
► Void completely before the assessment
► Abstain from alcohol consumption within 48
hours of the assessment
► Ingest no diuretic agents, including caffeine,
prior to the assessment unless prescribe by a
physician
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry -
ACSM
► Can be used to assess total bone mineral as
well as regional estimates of bone, fat, and
lean tissue.
► It uses a three component model to predict
body fatness and offers advantages over
densitometry techniques.
► DEXA is typically found in clinical setting and
can be used to measure body composition
across the life span
Duel-Energy X-Ray
Absorptiometry (DEXA)
 New gold standard?
 Comparison
– Error = ±1-5% (software)
– Very costly
– Very high tech
– Quick
– Subject friendly
Infrared Interactance -
ACSM
► Based on the principle of light
absorption and reflection using
near-infrared spectroscopy to
provide information about the
chemical composition of the
body
► Further research is needed to
develop and cross-validate
gender-specific equations for
infrared interactance and to
determine whether this is an
accurate method for assessing
body composition
Men
Women
Body Mass Index
BMI = wt (kg) / ht (m)2
BMI = (704.4 x wt (lb) / ht (in) 2.
Body Mass Index
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM
► Individuals with more fat on the trunk, especially

abdominal fat are at increase risk for various
diseases.
► The waist to hip ratio has been used as a simple
method for determining body fat patterns
► Waist to hip ratio = circumference of waist divided
by the circumference of the hips
Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM
Men Women
Very High Health > 0.94 > 0.82

Risk
Ages 60-69 > 1.03 > 0.90

Waist Circumference - ACSM
► The waist
circumference can
be used alone as
an indicator of
health risk because
abdominal obesity
is the issue.
Muscular Fitness
Muscular Strength
Muscular Strength – 1 RM
► The subject performs a light warm-up of 5-10 reps
at 40 to 60% of perceived maximum.
► Following a 1-minute rest with light stretching, the
subject does 3 to 5 repetitions at 60 to 80% of
perceived maximum.
► The subject should be close to a perceived 1-RM in
step 2.
► A small amount of weight is added, and a 1-RM lift
is attempted.
► Ifthe lift is successful, a rest period of 3 to 5
minutes is provided.
► The goal is to find the 1-RM within 3 to 5 maximal
efforts.
► The process of titrating the increase in weight up
to a true 1-RM can be improved by prior
familiarization sessions that allow approximation of
the 1-RM.
► Clear communication with the subject is
needed to facilitate determination of the 1-
RM.
► The process continues until a failed attempt
occurs.
► The 1-RM is reported as the weight of the
last successfully completed lift.
Muscular Endurance
Flexibility
Flexibility - ACSM
► The ability to move a joint through its
complete range of motion (ROM)
► Importance in athletics and the ability to
carry out activities of daily living
► Maintaining flexibility facilitates movement
► Movement beyond a joint’s shortened range
of motion can cause tissue damage.
► Factors that determine flexibility:
 Joint capsule
 Body (joint) temperature
 Ligaments and tendons
Flexibility A.
► Devices
A. Goniometer
B. Electogoniometer
B.
C. Flexometer
D. Inclinometers
E. Tape measures
C. D.
► Joint specific
► There is not one good test for over-all flexibility
YMCA Sit and Reach Test
► Place a yard stick on the floor

► At a right angle, place a piece of tape at the 15
inch mark
► Have participant sit with the yard stick between
their legs
► Heals of the feet should touch the edge of the
taped line and be 10 to 12 inches apart
Sit and Reach Box
► Ifa standard sit-and-reach box is available, heels
should be place against the edge of the box
► The participant slowly reaches forward with both
hands as far as possible, holding this position
momentarily
► Knees remain extended
► Participant should not hold their breath
► This norms are based on a sit-and-reach box in
which the “zero” point is set at 26 cm. When
using a box in which the “zero” point is set at 23
cm, subtract 3 cm from each value in the tables

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ACSM Based Fitness

 Similar principle as UWW

► Abstain from eating or drinking with 4 hours

► Individuals with more fat on the trunk, especially

Very High Health > 0.94 > 0.82

Ages 60-69 > 1.03 > 0.90

► Place a yard stick on the floor

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