AI Presentation

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence:
– “the capacity to learn and solve problems” (Webster’s dictionary)
– in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans
What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer
science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that
perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of
success at some goal.
(Google Knowledge Graph)
What’s involved in Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g., image understanding
– e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect
• Reasoning and Planning

– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation

– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life
• Post Office
– automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks
– automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Customer Service
– automatic voice recognition
• The Web
– Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
– Automated fraud detection
• Digital Cameras
– Automated face detection and focusing
• Computer Games
– Intelligent characters/agents
History of Artificial Intelligence
• 1943: early beginnings
– McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950: Turing
– Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“
• 1956: birth of AI
– Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted
• 1950s: initial promise

– Early AI programs, including
– Samuel's checkers program
– Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist
• 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”

– Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
– Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
– McCarthy: invention of LISP
History of Artificial Intelligence
• 1966—73: Reality dawns
– Realization that many AI problems are intractable
– Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
• Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge

– Development of knowledge-based systems
– Success of rule-based expert systems,
• E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
• But were brittle and did not scale well in practice
• 1986-- Rise of machine learning

– Neural networks return to popularity
– Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications
• 1990-- Role of uncertainty

– Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework
• 1995-- AI as Science
– Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
– AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc
Success Stories
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov
in 1997
• AI program proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)

unsolved for decades
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning

and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and
people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the

scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
• Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-2007
• 2006: face recognition software available in consumer cameras

Different Types of Artificial Intelligence
• Modeling exactly how humans actually think
– cognitive models of human reasoning
• Modeling exactly how humans actually act

– models of human behavior (what they do, not how they think)
• Modeling how ideal agents “should think”

– models of “rational” thought (formal logic)
– note: humans are often not rational!
• Modeling how ideal agents “should act”

– rational actions but not necessarily formal rational reasoning
– i.e., more of a black-box/engineering approach
• Modern AI focuses on the last definition

– we will also focus on this “engineering” approach
– success is judged by how well the agent performs
-- modern methods are also inspired by cognitive & neuroscience (how people
think).
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game
• Suggested major components of AI:

- knowledge representation
- reasoning,
- language/image understanding,
- learning
Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms,

computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
• Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data
• Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
• Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.
• Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive

Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.
• Computer building fast computers

engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars
Can Computers Talk?
• This is known as “speech synthesis”
– translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
– use pronunciation rules to map phonemes to actual sound
• e.g., “tish” -> sequence of basic audio sounds
• Difficulties
– sounds made by this “lookup” approach sound unnatural
– sounds are not independent
• e.g., “act” and “action”
• modern systems (e.g., at AT&T) can handle this pretty well
– a harder problem is emphasis, emotion, etc
• humans understand what they are saying
• machines don’t: so they sound unnatural
• Conclusion:
– NO, for complete sentences
– YES, for individual words
Can Computers Understand speech?
• Understanding is different to recognition:
– “Time flies like an arrow”
• assume the computer can recognize all the words
• how many different interpretations are there?
– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
• only 1. makes any sense,
– but how could a computer figure this out?
– clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense knowledge in
communication
• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities of

a computer to understand at present
Can Computers “see”?
• Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)
– Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• look around this room
• you can effortlessly recognize objects
• human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”
• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?
• Conclusion:
– mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects under limited
circumstances
– YES for certain constrained problems (e.g., face recognition)
Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?
• Learning and Adaptation
– consider a computer learning to drive on the freeway
– we could teach it lots of rules about what to do
– or we could let it drive and steer it back on course when it heads for the
embankment
• systems like this are under development (e.g., Daimler Benz)
• e.g., RALPH at CMU
– in mid 90’s it drove 98% of the way from Pittsburgh to San Diego
without any human assistance
– machine learning allows computers to learn to do things without explicit
programming
– many successful applications:
• requires some “set-up”: does not mean your PC can learn to forecast
the stock market or become a brain surgeon
• Conclusion: YES, computers can learn and adapt, when presented

with information in the appropriate way
Can computers plan and make optimal
decisions?
• Intelligence
– involves solving problems and making decisions and plans
– e.g., you want to take a holiday in Brazil
• you need to decide on dates, flights
• you need to get to the airport, etc
• involves a sequence of decisions, plans, and actions
• What makes planning hard?

– the world is not predictable:
• your flight is canceled or there’s a backup on the 405
– there are a potentially huge number of details
• do you consider all flights? all dates?
– no: commonsense constrains your solutions
– AI systems are only successful in constrained planning problems
• Conclusion: NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still

beyond the capabilities of modern computers
– exception: very well-defined, constrained problems
The Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Gastrobots
Sustain themselves by eating naturally
occurring foods
• COG robot Gastrobots (University of South Florida)

• COG stands for cognition means
conscious mental activities like
thinking, understanding, learning, and
remembering
• Track eye movement

• Recognize faces
• Grab objects
• Hear a rhythm, play it back on drums
COG robot (MIT)

Can Computers beat Humans at Chess?
• Chess Playing is a classic AI problem
– well-defined problem
– very complex: difficult for humans to play well
3000
2800
2600 Deep Blue
Human World Champion
Points Ratings
2400
2200
2000
Ratings Deep Thought
1800
1600
1400
1200
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1997
• Conclusion:
– YES: today’s computers can beat even the best human
Can we build hardware as complex as the
brain?
• How complicated is our brain?
– a neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic information processing unit
– estimated to be on the order of 10 12 neurons in a human brain
– many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
– cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)
• How complex can we make computers?

– 108 or more transistors per CPU
– supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM
– cycle times: order of 10 - 9 seconds
• Conclusion
– YES: in the near future we can have computers with as many basic
processing elements as our brain, but with
• far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain
• much faster updates than the brain
– but building hardware is very different from making a computer behave like a
brain!
Conclusion
THANK YOU
YASH PRATAP
VIJAY SHARMA
SURAJ MISHRA
SUBRAMANIYAM AYER
AVINASH TRIPATHI

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What is artificial intelligence?

What is artificial intelligence?

What are the components of intelligence?

What are the components of intelligence?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

What is Artificial Intelligence?

• Reasoning and Planning

• Learning and Adaptation

• 1950s: initial promise

• 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”

• 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge

• 1986-- Rise of machine learning

• 1990-- Role of uncertainty

• AI program proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)

• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning

• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the

• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

• Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-2007

• 2006: face recognition software available in consumer cameras

• Modeling exactly how humans actually act

• Modeling how ideal agents “should think”

• Modeling how ideal agents “should act”

• Modern AI focuses on the last definition

• Suggested major components of AI:

• Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms,

• Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data

• Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

• Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.

• Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive

• Computer building fast computers

• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities of

• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?

• Conclusion: YES, computers can learn and adapt, when presented

• What makes planning hard?

• Conclusion: NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still

• COG robot Gastrobots (University of South Florida)

• Track eye movement

COG robot (MIT)

• How complex can we make computers?

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