A Global Perspective

Philip Kotler
Gary Armstrong
Swee Hoon Ang
9 Siew Meng Leong
Chin Tiong Tan
New Product Oliver Yau Hon-Ming

Development and PowerPoint slides adapted by

Peggy Su

Product Life-Cycle
Strategies

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 9-1

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain how companies find and develop new-product
ideas
2. List and define the steps in the new-product
development process and the major considerations in
managing this process
3. Describe the stages of the product life cycle
4. Describe how marketing strategies change during the
product’s life cycle
5. Discuss two additional product and services issues:
socially responsible product decisions and international
product and services marketing

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Chapter Outline
1. New-Product Development Strategy
2. New-Product Development Process
3. Managing New-Product Development
4. Product Life-Cycle Strategies
5. Additional Product and Service
Considerations

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New-Product Development Strategy
A firm can obtain new products through:
• Acquisition refers to the buying of a whole
company, a patent, or a license to produce
someone else’s product.
• New product development refers to
original products, product improvements,
product modifications, and new brands
developed from the firm’s own research
and development.

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New-Product Development Strategy
Reasons for new product failure
• Overestimation of market size
• Poor design
• Incorrect positioning
• Wrong timing
• Priced too high
• Ineffective promotion
• Management influence
• High development costs
• Competition

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New-Product Development Process
1. Idea generation
2. Idea screening
3. Concept development and testing
4. Marketing strategy development
5. Business analysis
6. Product development
7. Test marketing
8. Commercialization

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New-Product Development Process
Idea Generation
• New idea generation is the systematic search for new
product ideas.
• To create a large number of ideas
• Sources of new-product ideas
– Internal sources refer to the company’s own formal
research and development, management and staff,
and intrapreneurial programs.
– External sources refer to sources outside the
company such as customers, competitors, distributors,
suppliers, and outside design firms.

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New-Product Development Process
Idea Screening
• Idea screening refers to reviewing new-product ideas in order to
drop poor ones as soon as possible.
Concept Development and Testing
• Product idea is an idea for a possible product that the company can
see itself offering to the market.
• Product concept is a detailed version of the idea stated in
meaningful consumer terms.
• Product image is the way consumers perceive an actual or potential
product.
• Concept testing refers to testing new-product concepts with groups
of target consumers. To find out how attractive each concept is to
customers, and choose the best one.

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New-Product Development Process
Marketing Strategy Development
• Marketing strategy development refers to the initial marketing
strategy for introducing the product to the market.
Marketing strategy statement
Part 1:
• Description of the target market
• The planning product positioning; sales, market share, and profit
goals
Part 2:
• Price distribution and budget
Part 3:
• Long-term sales, profit goals, and marketing mix strategy

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New-Product Development Process
Business Analysis
• Business analysis involves a review of the sales, costs,
and profit projections to find out whether they satisfy the
company’s objectives.
Product Development
• Product development involves the creation and testing
of one or more physical versions by the R&D or
engineering departments. - Requires an increase in investment

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
• Test marketing is the stage at which the product and
marketing program are introduced into more realistic
marketing settings.
• Test marketing provides the marketer with experience in testing the
product and entire marketing program before full introduction.
• When firms test market: New product with large investment;
Uncertainty about product or marketing program
• When firms may not test market: Simple line extension; Copy
of competitor product; Low costs; Management confidence

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
• Approaches to test marketing
• Standard test markets
• Controlled test markets
• Simulated test markets

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
Standard test markets
• Small representative markets where the firm conducts
a full marketing campaign
• Uses store audits, consumer and distributor surveys,
and other measures to gauge product performance
• Results are used to
• Forecast national sales and profits
• Discover product problems
• Fine-tune the marketing program

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
Challenges of standard test markets
• Cost
• Time
• Competitors can monitor the test as well
• Competitor interference
• Competitors gain access to the new product before
introduction

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
Controlled test markets
• Panels of stores that have agreed to carry new
products for a fee
• Less expensive than standard test markets
• Faster than standard test markets
• Competitors gain access to the new product

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
Simulated test markets
• Events where the firm will create a shopping
environment and note how many consumers buy the
new product and competing products
• Provides measure of trial and the effectiveness of
promotion
• Researchers can interview consumers

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New-Product Development Process
Test Marketing
• Advantages of simulated test markets
• Less expensive than other test methods
• Faster
• Restricts access by competitors
• Disadvantages of simulated test markets
• Not considered as reliable and accurate due to the
controlled setting

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New-Product Development Process
Commercialization
• Commercialization is the introduction of the
new product into the market
• When to launch
• Where to launch
• Planned market rollout (the widespread public
introduction of a new product )

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New-Product Development Process
Vide Case: eGO Cycle
When it hit the market in 2002, the eGO was the first vehicle of its kind:
an environmentally friendly, compact electric cycle. Along with its
cool, retro styling and innovative electrical design, the eGO Cycle
costs less than half a cent per mile to drive.
Questions:
1. Describe eGO’s design process. How is it similar to the process
detailed in the chapter?
2. How did eGO manage its limited channel options to distribute the
new product?
3. What stage of the product life cycle is the eGO vehicle
experiencing?

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Managing New-Product Development
New-Product Development Strategies
1. Customer-centered new product development
2. Team-based new product development
3. Systematic new product development

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Managing New-Product Development
New-Product Development Strategies
• Customer-centered new-product development
focuses on finding new ways to solve customer problems
and create more customer satisfying experiences
• Begins and ends with solving customer problems
• The most successful new products are ones that are
differentiated

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Managing New-Product Development
New-Product Development Strategies
• Sequential new product development is a development approach where
company departments work individually to complete each stage of the
process before passing along to the next department or stage: increased
control in risky or complex projects; slow – not good!

• Team-based new-product development is a development

approach where company departments work closely together in
cross-functional teams, overlapping in the product-development
process to save time and increase effectiveness.
– increase tension and confusion
– is faster and more flexible

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Managing New-Product Development
New-Product Development Strategies
• Systematic new product development is an innovative
development approach that collects, reviews, evaluates,
and manages new product ideas.
• Creates an innovation-oriented culture
• Yields a large number of new-product ideas

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
• Product life-cycle (PLC) is the course that a
product’s sales and profits take over its lifetime.
• Product development
• Introduction
• Growth
• Maturity
• Decline

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies

Sales and profits over the product’s life from inception to decline
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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Product life-cycle (PLC) can describe a product
class, a product form, or a brand
• Product classes have the longest life cycles, with sales
of many product classes in the mature stage for a long
time.
• Product forms have the standard PLC shape:
introduction, rapid growth, maturity, and decline.
• Brands have changing PLCs due to competitive threats.

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Product life-cycle (PLC) can also be applied to styles,
fashions and fads
• Style is a basic and distinctive mode of expression.
• Fashion is a currently accepted popular style in a given field.
• Fads are temporary periods of unusually high sales driven by
consumer enthusiasm and immediate product or brand popularity .

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Introduction stage is when the new product is
first launched.
• Takes time
• Slow sales growth
• Little or no profit
• High distribution and promotion expense

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Growth stage is when the new product satisfies
the market.
• Sales increase • Product quality increases
• New competitors enter • New features
the market • New market segments
• Price stability or decline and distribution channels
to increase volume are entered
• Consumer education
• Profits increase
• Promotion and
manufacturing costs gain
economies of scale

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Maturity stage is a long-lasting stage of a product that has
gained consumer acceptance.
• Slowdown in sales
• Many suppliers
• Substitute products
• Overcapacity leads to competition
• Increased promotion and R&D to support sales and profits.
Marketers consider modifying strategies at the maturity stage
• Market modifying
• Product modifying
• Marketing mix modifying

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
• Market modifying is when a company tries to increase
consumption of the current product (New users; Increase
usage of existing users; New market segments)
• Product modifying is changing characteristics (quality,
features, or style) to attract new users and to inspire more
usage.
• Marketing mix modifying is when a company changes
one or more of the marketing mix elements.
• Price
• Promotion
• Distribution channels

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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
• Decline stage is when sales decline or level off for an
extended time, creating a weak product.
• Maintain the product without change in the hope that
competitors leave the industry
• Reposition or reformulate the product in hopes of moving
back into the growth stage
• Harvest the product that means reducing various costs and
hoping that sales hold up
• Drop the product by selling it to another firm or simply
liquidate it at salvage value

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Additional Product and Service
Considerations
Product Decisions and Social Responsibility
• Public policy and regulations regarding developing
and dropping products, patent protection, product
quality and safety, and product warranties.
International Product and Service Marketing
• Determining what products and services to introduce
in which countries
• Standardization versus customization
• Packaging and labeling
• Customs, values, laws
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