Valve: Final element of

control
GROUP: 5AV2
INTEGRANTS:
GALLARDO VICENTE RICARDO
LOPEZ NICOLAS EDGAR
MONDRAGON RAMIREZ MARKO
MORENO PEREZ ALAN
VALERIO OROZCO RICARDO
Final elements of control
• Control valves
• General
• In the automatic control of industrial processes, the control valve plays a very important role important in the
regulation loop. It performs the function of varying the control flow of which modifies, in turn, the value of
the measured variable, behaving as an area ori- with nuamente variable. Inside the control loop it does not
matter as much as the element primary, the transmitter and the controller. In version 8.1 you can see a pica
control valve. It consists of the body and servomotor.
• The pneumatic control valve consists of a servo motor driven by the pneumatic signal of 3-15 psi (0.2-1 Kg /
cm2 ). The servomotor is directly connected to a rod that positions the shutter in relation to the seat. The
position of the relationship between the obturator and the seat allows to pass the from a zero (or almost nil)
flow to the maximum flow, and with a relationship between the flow and The race that is given by the
characteristic curves of the valve.
• The body of the control valve is inside the shutter and seats, and is provided of thread or flanges to connect
the valve to the pipe. The shutter is the one who performs the function. of control of step of the uido and can
act in the direction of its own axis or have a movement rot a vo It is attached to a shank that passes through
the body cap and that is triggered For the servomotor.
• 8.1.2 Types of valves

• The valves can be of several points according to the design of the body and the movement of the shutter. Basically, it can be classified into
two large groups: valves with linear movement shutter and valves with rotational movement shutter vo.

• 8.1.2.1 Valves with linear movement shutter

• Linear motion valves, in which the shutter moves in the direction of its own axis, can be classified as a globe valve, angled valve, three way
mixing or diverting valve, cage valve, gate valve, Y-valve, torque-body valve, Saunders valve and compression valve.

• 8.1.2.1.1 Balloon valve

• Call for access to an object in the form of a balloon. The output is perpendicular to the axis of the shutter. They can be seen in gures 8.2a,
8.2b and 8.2c and They are simple seat, double seat and balanced shutter. Single-seat valves, which close against the process pressure, require
an actuator of larger size. Therefore, when the differential pressure of the vacuum is exerted, it is low and It specifies that the leaks, through
the valve with the shutter in the closed position, are minimal. He Watertight closure is achieved with seats equipped with a teal washer or
other soft materials. In the valve of double seat, or of simple seat with balanced shutter, the imbalance force Developed by the fluid through
the plug is smaller than in the single-seat valve. This is due to shutters, and in the valve with balanced shutter does it above and below the
only shutter For this moment it has been used in large valves or when it is necessary to work with a high differential pressure. In the closed
position, leaks through the valve are greater than in a single-seat valve, because it is mechanically impossible for the double shutter Seat
perfectly on both seats.

• As stated in the ANSI / FCI 70-2-2006 standard, allowable leaks are 0.01% of the maximum flow in the single seat valve (class IV metal
metal) and 0.1% in the double seat valve (class III). Likewise, valves with a ring seat for waterproof closure (class VI) admit a leak rate of
0.00001%, or 0.15 to 6.75 ml / minute air or nitrogen.
• 8.1.2.1.2 Angle valve
• The angled valve has an exit owl perpendicular to the input ow with a less curvilinear travel than in a globe
valve, so it allows you to get an ow of regular flow without excessive turbulence and is, moreover, suitable for
its tuir to a valve balloon when the liquid circulates with solids in suspension or at excessive speed caused by
a high differential pressure of work.
• The design of the valve is ideal for the control of uids that vaporize (ashing), that is to say for the uids that
within the narrowing existing in the internal parts (between the obturator and the seat) and due to a high
differential pressure, they have increased their speed and are at a pressure below the vaporization point. Under
these conditions, the liquid is in the liquid state valve inlet and outlet and in the vapor / liquid state inside it.
In this way formed vapor bubbles implode (going into liquid) and can cause mechanical damage serious when
hitting the internal parts or against the body of the valve
• 8.1.2.1.3 Three-way valve

• The three-way valve is generally used to mix uids - mixing valves (gure 8.2e) - or to derive, from an input ow, two output -
diversifier valves. The three-way valves are usually involved in the temperature control of exchangers of heat, facilitating a
very fast control of the temperature, thanks to the heating fluid (steam or thermal fluid) can be diverted through the valve,
without passing through the exchanger.

• 8.1.2.1.4 Cage valve

• The cage valve receives this designation due to the cage shape that Either with the orifices arranged in a cage ja in which
the shutter slides, in whose case is called cage valve ja or with holes in the plug, in which case called mobile cage valve.

• The cage valves can have the holes machined in such a way that the stroke-flow relation, obtained by moving the obturator,
provides the desired flow characteristics. On the other hand, they allow an easy dismantling of the shutter and favor the
stability of operation by incorporating oricios that allow to eliminate practically the imbalance of forces produced by the
differential pressure of the liquid. For this reason, this poof balanced shutter, is It is used in large valves or when it is
necessary to work with a high differential pressure.
• As the shutter is contained within the cage, the valve is very resistant to vibrations and to wear. On the other hand, the
obturator may have grated rings that seat against the cage and allow to achieve a tight seal. However, it is not the proper
valve when the It is sticky, viscous or with solids in suspension, since then the liquid is to be placed between the obturator
and the cage and can lead to blockages and seizures.

• 8.1.2.1.5 Gate valve

• This valve, also known as the chopper valve, closes it with a disc see lime flat, or in a special way, and that moves calmly
to the ow of the uido. Because of its disposition it is generally adequate for control of all-nothing, since in intermediate
positions ende to block. It has the advantage of presenting very little resistance to the ow of uido when it is in full opening
position and, therefore, is characterized by a low drop in Pressure.
• 8.1.2.1.6 Y-Valve
• The Y-valve has the seat and the obturator inclined 45 ° with respect to the ow of the liquid. If the body is installed horizontally, it is
difficult to disassemble the internal parts inclined 45 ° with relation to the horizontal. It is suitable as a shut-off and control valve. As
an all-nothing valve it is characterized by its low loss of load and as a control valve it has a large capacity of flow. It has a self-
draining feature when it is tilted at a certain angle. Is used usually in cryogenic facilities.
• 8.1.2.1.7 Torque body valve
• This valve is a modification of the single-seat globe valve having the body in two parts between which the seat is pressed. This
arrangement allows for easy seating of the seat and facilitates a smooth u ow of no spaces dead in the body. It is mainly used for
viscous uids and in the food industry.
• 8.1.2.1.8 Saunders valve
• In the Saunders or diaphragm valve the obturator is an flexible membrane that, Through a rod attached to a servomotor, it is forced
against a projection of the body, which acts as a seat, thus closing the passage of the uido. The valve is characterized because the
body can be reversed easily made of rubber or plastic to work with aggressive liquids. It has the disadvantage that the Drive
servomotor must be very powerful. It is used mainly in direct chemical processes, particularly in the handling of black liquids or
aggressive or in the control of uidos containing solids in suspension.
• 8.1.2.1.9 Sleeve Valve
• The sleeve valve, which can be seen in works by clamping the two or more flexible elements, for example a rubber tube. Same as
Saunders valves or of diaphragm, is characterized in that it provides a control or control in partial closing position and is applied,
fundamentally, in the handling of corrosive, viscous or containing black liquids solid particles in suspension.
• 8.1.2.2 Valves with rotary motion shutter

• Valves in which the shutter has a rotated movement are classified as: disc valve eccentric rotated vo (Cam ex), eccentric
cylindrical shutter valve, throttle valve, valve ball, male valve, adjustable orifice valve and axial ow valve.

• 8.1.2.2.1 Eccentric disc valve (Cam ex)

• The eccentric disc valve (Cam ex) consists of a surface shutter. segmented spherical that self-aligns during the eccentric
turning motion, providing a tight seal and low dynamic forces of the liquid. This allows the use of a servomotor reduced
pair. On the other hand, the extension cover allows operation for a wide range of temperatures. The valve can be sealed by
means of hand rings arranged in the seat and characterized by its large capacity of flow, comparable to butterfly and ball
valves.
• 8.1.2.2.2 Eccentric cylindrical plug valve
• This valve has an eccentric cylindrical plug that sits against a body cylindrical. The hermetic closure is achieved with a rubber or
teat shield on the face of the body where the shutter sits. The valve is low cost and is suitable for corrosive or containing solids in
suspension.
• 8.1.2.2.3 Butterfly valve
• In the butterfly valve the body is formed by a cylindrical ring inside the which rotates transversely a circular disk. The valve can be
closed tightly by a rubber ring embedded in the body. An external servomotor drives the axis of rotation of the disk and exerts its
maximum torque when the valve is almost closed (in control all-nothing are considered 90 ° and in control with nuo 60 °, par de la
closing position, since the last part of the turn is quite unstable), as long as the pressure differential remains constant. In the selection
of the valve it is important to consider the pressures differentials corresponding to the positions of full opening and closing; needed
a large actuator force to operate the valve in the event of a high pressure drop. Butterfly valves are used for the control of large
volumes of low pressure uids.
• 8.1.2.2.4 Ball valve
• In these valves, the body has a spherical internal cavity that houses a shutter shaped of sphere or ball (hence its name). The ball has
a suitable cut (usually in V) that the characteristic curve of the valve, and rotates transversely driven by an external servomotor. The
seal is achieved with a ring attached to the body against which sits the ball when the valve is closed. In full opening position, the
valve is approximately at 75% of the size of the pipe. The ball valve is mainly used in the flow control of black uids, or in uids with
a high percentage of solids in suspension. The most common po of ball valves is the segmented ball valve, named for the shape of
the spherical segment of the obturator.
• 8.1.2.2.5 Plug valve
• It is a spherical ball valve consisting of a cylindrical plug or plug or truncated cone with a transversal hole equal to the inner
diameter of the pipe. The male adjusts in the body of the valve and in a 90 ° turning motion. It is generally used in the manual
control of all liquids or gases and in the regulation of flow.
• 8.1.2.2.6 Adjustable orifice valve
• In the adjustable orifice valve the shutter consists of a cylindrical sleeve that is perforated with two holes, one of entrance and the
other of exit, and that turns by means of an external lever operated manually or by means of a servomotor. The turn of the shutter
covers, partially or totally, the inputs and outputs of the valve, thus controlling the flow rate. The valve also incorporates a
cylindrical chopper that can slide inside the sleeve thanks to a threaded actuating tap Exterior. Thus, the chopper can be manually
jumped in a certain position to limit the maximum flow.
• The valve is suitable in cases where it is necessary to manually adjust the maximum flow rate of the uido, when the flow can vary
between wide limits intermittently or with nua and when a tight seal is not required. It is used for gaseous or liquid fuels, steam,
compressed air and liquids in general.
• 8.1.2.2.7 Axial ow valve
• The axial flow valves consist of a pneumatically driven diaphragm that moves a piston, which, in turn, compresses a hydraulic fluid
against a shutter formed by a material elastomer In this way, the obturator expands to close the annular ow of the liquid. East The
valve is used for gases and is especially silent. Another variety of the valve of axial ow is the sleeve valve, which is actuated by
external compression of the sleeve through an auxiliary liquid at a pressure higher than that of the liquid itself. It is also used to
gases.
Table compares the valves with the most important linear and
rotational movement shutter.
• 8.1.3 Valve body

• The valve body must withstand the temperature and pressure of the fluid without losses, have a suitable size for the flow
that it must control and be resistant to erosion or corrosion produced by the uido. The body and connections to the pipe
(flanged or threaded) are standardized in accordance with the pressures and temperatures of work in the norms DIN and
ANSI, among others, as can be seen

• The following points should be noted:

Control valve
Control Valve? With RAFAEL RAF 1031 Electric Bi-level RAFAEL RAF 13
Float The valves are activated by the pressure line.
These control valves are activated with the The valves open at the lowest point of the water
pressure line. They maintain the water level of a level to which they are calibrated and close at
Control valve the highest water level. These control valves are
tank or reserve when electricity is available.
Level RAFAEL RAF 10 When the water level drops more than the virtually maintenance-free. Body and cover in
The valves are activated with the pressure line. minimum the solenoid valves are energized gray iron with rilsan coating, natural rubber
Maintain a water level in a water tank in an releasing the water from the chamber thus diagragma, reinforced with nylon. From 1.5 to 12
economical way. Due to their design, these allowing the valve to open. It is practically inches. Pressure of up to 16 BARS. Tempratures
control valves are virtually maintenance free. maintenance free. Body and cover in gray iron from -10 to 80 ° C.
The body and cover are gray iron with rilsan with rilsan coating, diaphragm in natural rubber,
coating, the diaphragm is made of natural reinforced with nylon. Sizes 1.5 to 12 inches. Up
rubber, reinforced with nylon. Sizes from 1.5 to to 16 BARS of pressure. Temperatures from -10
12 inches, for a pressure of up to 16 BARS. to 80 ° C.
Temperature from -10 to 80 ° C.
 Control valve
Control valve
Reducer of Pressure RAFAEL RAF 60 - 62
Altitude RAFAEL RAF 40 - 43
The valves are activated with the pressure line. The
These valves are activated with the pressure line.
Control valve pilot maintains a constant pressure downstream
They are used to maintain a certain level of water in
For Protection of Pumps and Motors RAFAEL regulating the opening or closing of the main valve.
a tank or reserve. The RAF 40 - 43 valves regulate
RAF 20 The pilot has a spring and membrane that are
the maximum water level in the tank by measuring
These valves regulate the level of the pressure sensitive to downstream pressure, the pressure
the pressure of the water column generated in the
during the start or in the current cut of the pump remains constant no matter the flow changes. Due
tank. For altitude ranges of 15, 25 and 40 meters,
and / or motor in order to protect it and in turn to its design, it is practically maintenance-free. Body
the 2-way RAF 40 valves are recommended, they
and cover in gray iron with rilsan coating, natural
protect the network. The valves protect the are recommended when a high precision is required
rubber diaphragm, reinforced with nylon. Sizes from
engine and the pump from stops and starts. and a minimum variation between the maximum and
1.5 to 12 inches. Pressure of up to 16 BARS.
They are practically maintenance-free. Body minimum level. For the altitude ranges of 8, 18 and
Temperature from -10 to 80 ° C.
and cover in gray iron with rilsan coating, 30 meters, the 3-way RAF 43 valve is
diaphragm in natural rubber, reinforced with recommended in low-altitude tanks.
nylon. Sizes from 1.5 to 12 inches. Pressure of
16 BARS. Temperatures from -10 to 80 ° C.
 Control valve Control valve
Flow RAFAEL RAF 70 Relief RAFAEL RAF 80Q
The valves are activated with the pressure line. The valves are activated with the pressure line. The
Control valve RAF 80q is normally closed, when the pressure
RAF 70 is normally partially open to allow constant
Reducing Pressure Sustaining RAFAEL RAF 68 - increases upstream, the valve opens quickly
flow. The flow is measured indirectly by means of a
682 relieving the excess pressure. The RAF 80Q
plate with calibrated holes. In an increase of the
The valves are activated with the pressure line. One protects the system from rapid pressure increases
pressure drop, the RAF 70 is automatically closed
pilot is sensitive to upstream pressure and the other due to the effects of water hammer. Due to its
otherwise, the RAF 70 opens in such a way that the
to downstream pressure, the combined operation of design, it is practically maintenance-free. Body and
flow remains constant regardless of the fluctuations
the two pilots sustains a constant pressure cover in gray iron with rilsan coating, natural rubber
in the pressure line downstream. Due to its design,
upstream and at the same time, reduces the diaphragm, reinforced with nylon. Sizes from 1.5 to
it is practically maintenance-free. Body and cover in
downstream pressure to the desired point. Due to its 12 inches. Pressure of up to 16 BARS. Temperature
gray iron with rilsan coating, natural rubber
design, it is practically maintenance-free. Body and from -10 to 80 ° C.
diaphragm, reinforced with nylon. Sizes: 1.5 to 12
cover in gray iron with rilsan coating, natural rubber
inches. Pressure up to 16 BARS. Temperature -10
diaphragm, reinforced with nylon. Sizes from 1.5 to
to 80 ° C
12 inches. Pressure of up to 16 BARS. Temperature
from -10 to 80 ° C.
 Control valve
Anti-leakage RAFAEL RAF 90
Válvula de Control Hidráulico
The valves are activated with the pressure line.
Tipo Globo de Pistón Activado RAFAEL
Normally the RAF 90 is open only in case of a flow
Válvulas tipo globo de pistón activado. Especial
greater than the calibration, due to a leak or Hydraulic Control Valve
para condiciones de operación severas. Rápida
excessive demand downstream, the RAF 90 closes Double Chamber Valve RAFAEL RAY
respuesta a pequeños cambios. Fácil
automatically and can be reopened manually. The RAY double chamber valves. Main characteristics: It
mantenimiento y en línea. Recubrimiento externo e
flow is measured indirectly by comparison of the does not require a spring for its operation. Fast
interno de enamel o epoxy. Pilotos de control. Baja
pressure drop in the orifice plate. The valve is response to small changes, easy maintenance and
caída de presión. Diseño libre de cavitaciones.
closed by a hydraulic relay. Due to its design, it is online. External and internal enamel or epoxy
Tamaños de 2 a 32 pulgadas. Presión de 16 hasta
practically maintenance-free. The valve has a self- coating. Control pilots. Low pressure drop
64 BARS. Temperatura de 15 hasta 85°C.
cleaning filter at the entrance of the control circuit, to Cavitation-free design Sizes from 3 to 16 inches.
prevent foreign or solid particles from obstructing Pressure of up to 16 BARS. Temperature up to 85 °
the passage of pressure. Body and cover in gray C.
iron with rilsan coating, natural rubber diaphragm,
reinforced with nylon. Sizes from 1.5 to 12 inches.
Pressure of up to 16 BARS. Temperature from -10
to 80 ° C.
Thanks for your attention