VALVES

TRAINING CENTRE Monday, April 21, 2014

This Presentation will only cover Water and Gas Delivery Valves.
The Hydraulic Valves are extensively covered in another module on Basic Hydraulics

CONTENTS
Types of valves
Components of Valves
Applications

At the end of this section, you should be able to

Describe the major types of valves, Describe the major types of valves, their operation and characteristics. their operation and characteristics. Select an appropriate valve for a specific Select an appropriate valve for a specific application. Identify the function of the major components of a valve.
application. Identify the function of the major components of a valve.

TYPES OF VALVES
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE

DIAPHRAGM VALVE
BALL VALVE NEEDLE VALVE FOOT VALVE CHECK VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE
TAPER PLUG VALVE PINCH VALVE SOLENOID VALVE

GATE VALVE
Gate valves are linear motion valves in which a flat closure element slides into the flow stream to provide shut-off. Gate valves/knife valves are designed to minimize pressure drop across the valve in the fully opened position as the direction of fluid flow does not change, and the diameter through which the process fluid passes is essentially equal to that of the pipe. Hence, they tend to have minimal pressure drop when opened fully.

GATE VALVE

PARTS OF GATE VALVE

HAND WHEEL STEM

PACKING RINGS BONNET

BODY

GATE GATE SEATS

PARTS OF GATE VALVE

PARTS OF GATE VALVE

GATE VALVE
They can also be used where throttling capabilities are desired, although this is not generally recommended as erosion of the seat and disc occurs due to the vibrations of the disk in throttling applications

GATE VALVE

THROTTLING OF GATE VALVE LEADS TO CHATTERING AND VIBRATION

GATE VALVES
Gate valves are usually divided into two types: Parallel and wedge-shaped. The parallel gate valve uses a flat disc gate between two parallel seats, upstream and downstream. Knife valves are of this type, but with a sharp edge on the bottom of the gate to shear entrained solids or separate slurries. Gate valves are characterised as having either a rising or a non-rising stem. Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve position. Non-rising stems are used where vertical space is limited or underground

GATE VALVE
Sliding disk, perpendicular to flow
Applications: Stop valves, (not throttling), high pressure and temp, not for slurries, viscous fluids Advantages low pressure drop when fully open, tight seal when closed, free of contamination buildup Disadvantages vibration when partially open, slow response and large actuating force. ****************************************************

GATE VALVE
Pressure Seal Bonnet
This construction is adopted for valves for high pressure service, typically in excess of 2250 psi. The unique feature about the pressure seal bonnet is that the body - bonnet joints seals improves as the internal pressure in the valve increases, compared to other constructions where the increase in internal pressure tends to create leaks in the body-bonnet joint. Gate valves normally have flanged ends which are drilled according to pipeline compatible flange dimensional standards. Cast iron, cast carbon steel, gun metal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels are different materials from which gate valves are constructed.

GATE VALVE
Normal ORing Position Bonnet

Body
Packing

Under Pressure

Low Pr Valve Packing

High pressure Valve packing

GLOBE VALVE
A Globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body .

Globe valves are linear motion valves with rounded bodies, from which their name is derived. They are widely used in industry to regulate fluid flow in both on/off and throttling service .

GLOBE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are linear motion valves with rounded bodies, from which their name is derived. They are widely used in industry to regulate fluid flow in both on/off and throttling service. Globe valves consist of the following moving parts the disk, the valve stem, and the handwheel. The stem is threaded and fits into the threads in the valve bonnet. The location of the valve disk in relation to the valve seat allows or restricts flow. The direction of fluid flow through the valve changes several times, which increases the pressure drop across the valve. In most cases, globe valves are installed with the stem vertical and the higher-pressure fluid stream connected to the pipe side above the disk, which helps to maintain a tight seal when the valve is fully closed.

GLOBE VALVE
HAND WHEEL STEM

PACKING RINGS BONNET BODY VALVE DISK UPSTREAM

GLOBE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE
The Globe Valve should be so fitted that the fluid flows upside down through the disk.

This would help in tight sealing of the disk on the seat due to water pressure

GLOBE VALVE
When globe valves are open, the fluid flows through the space between the edge of the disk and the seat. These valves are commonly used as a fully open or fully closed on/off valves, but they may be used for throttling as long as fine adjustments are not required.

DOWN STREAM SIDE

UPSTREAM SIDE

GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are available in three main body types (although custom designs are available as well):
Angle design,
Y-design and Multi-piece design. Angle valves are designed so that the inlet and outlet are perpendicular, for transferring flow from vertical to horizontal.

Y-design valves derive linear action from the incline between the axis of the inlet and outlet ports.
The bodies of multi-piece design valves are bolted together. The inlet and outlet are not of single piece construction.

GLOBE VALVE
Economical globe valves or stop valves with a similar mechanism used in plumbing often have a rubber washer at the bottom of the disc for the seating surface, so that rubber can be compressed against the seat to form a leak-tight seal when shut.

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DIAPHRAGM VALVE

Normally used in corrosive media . A rubber diaphragm when moved through an actuator Air/ Hydraulic/ Manual cuts off the flow path thus controlling the flow.

DIAPHRAGM VALVE
The diaphragm valve closes by means of a flexible diaphragm attached to a compression device. While the device is lowered into a weir, the diaphragm seals and cuts off flow. The diaphragm valve handles corrosive , erosive and dirty services The actuator may be Manual, Air or Hydraulic operated.

BUTTERFLY VALVE
Butterfly valves are quick opening valves that consist of a metal circular disc or vane with its pivot axes at right angles to the direction of flow in the pipe, which when rotated on a shaft, seals against seats in the valve body. They are normally used as throttling valves to control flow. These valves offer a rotary stem movement of 90 degrees or less, in a compact design. Unlike ball valves, butterfly valves do not have any pockets in which fluids may become trapped when the valve is closed.

BUTTERFLY VALVE
Rotating disk on a shaft, in a housing Low pressure, large diameter lines where leakage is unimportant Advantages low pressure drop, small and light weight

Disadvantages high leakage, high actuation forces so limited to low pressures

BUTTERFLY VALVE
Butterfly valves offer a number of advantages .They may be used in a wide variety of chemical services, they are available with small dimensions allowing for use in areas where space is limited, and they allow a high coefficient of flow. A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. The "butterfly" is a metal disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off the passageway. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows an almost unrestricted passage of the process fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally to regulate flow.

BUTTERFLY VALVE
PARTS OF BUTTERFLY VALVE HANDLE OR ACTUATOR

STEM

BODY

RESELIENT SEAT BUTTERFLY DISK

END PACKINGS
[To be Placed Here]

BUTTERFLY VALVE
A simple handle oriented in the same direction of the metal disc (to indicate valve position) is common. Some larger butterfly valves may have a handwheel that operates through a gearing arrangement to operate the valve. Actuators may also be air driven or electrically operated when used as part of an automated control system. Butterfly valves are relatively easy to maintain. The resilient seat is held in place by mechanical means, and neither bonding nor cementing is necessary, Because the seat is replaceable, the valve seat does not require lapping, grinding, or machine work.

BUTTERFLY VALVE
Selecting the Valve Operator There are three operator types generally used on butterfly valves in power plants. These are: (1) Manual gear reducer; (2) Electric motor; and (3) Hydraulic cylinder. The most popular of these operators is the electric motor because , the push-button control requirements of the modern generating station require an operator which can be remotely controlled, and which is reliable and essentially maintenance-free. The electric motor operator satisfies all of these requirements. The operator consists of an electric motor, coupled through a worm gear assembly which is splineconnected to the valve

BUTTERFLY VALVE
Hydraulic cylinder operators are finding increasing usage in modern power plants. Available in a wide range of sizes, the cylinder operator offers considerable flexibility of selection to meet a particular application. For maximum economy, hydraulic cylinders operating in the range of 1000-2000 psi are usually specified. Where a number of valves are involved, a common hydraulic system may be employed, using a single source of high pressure oil. For single valves, or where their installation is otherwise desirable, selfcontained "power packages" are available. These units include the hydraulic cylinder, pump, motor, oil reservoir, and all related valves and controls, mounted together on the butterfly valve

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BUTTERFLY VALVE
Flow Characteristics of Valve

Butterfly valves, in addition to serving as shutoffs, can also be used for throttling applications. An index of the excellent throttling characteristics of the butterfly valve is the fact that it has a control rangeability of 45 to 1. A rubber-seat butterfly valve can be used for throttling service and, when required, can be moved to the full closed position to give tight shutoff.

BALL VALVE
Sphere with a port in a housing, rotate to expose channel.

Applications: Flow control, pressure control, shutoff, corrosive fluids, liquids, gases, high temp. Advantages low pressure drop, low leakage, small, rapid opening Disadvantages seat can wear if used for throttling, quick open may cause hammer

BALL VALVE

BALL VALVE
COMPONENTS
Actuator /Handle Body

Seat
Ball

BALL VALVE
A ball valve (like the butterfly valve, one of a family of valves called quarter turn valves) is a valve that opens by turning a handle attached to a ball inside the valve. The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle position lets you "see" the valve's position. Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred to globe valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.

BALL VALVE
Ball valves are used extensively in industry because they are very versatile, pressures up to 10,000 psi, temperatures up to 200 Deg C. Sizes from 1/4" to 12" are readily available They are easy to repair, operate manually or by actuators. The body of ball valves may be made of metal, plastic or metal with a ceramic center. The ball is often chrome plated to make it more durable.

BALL VALVE
There are three general types of ball valves:
FULL PORT STANDARD PORT and REDUCED PORT. A full port ball valve has an oversized ball so that the hole in the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower friction loss. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is larger. A standard port ball valve is usually less expensive, but has a smaller ball and a correspondingly smaller port. Flow through this valve is one pipe size smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in slightly restricted flow. In reduced port ball valves, flow through the valve is two pipe sizes smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in restricted flow.

BALL VALVE
Some ball valves are equipped with an actuator that may be pneumatically or motor (electric) operated. These valves can be used either for on/off or flow control. A pneumatic flow control valve is also equipped with a positioner which transforms the control signal into actuator position and valve opening accordingly.

TAPER PLUG VALVE

TAPER PLUG

TAPER PLUG VALVE

Because of its compactness and simplicity, the lubricated plug valve is gaining fast acceptance by power plant engineers. It is easy to operate, offers positive closure, and lends itself to automatic control - a popular trend in power plant operation. Already well established in petroleum, chemical process and related fields, the lubricated plug valve now is proving its worth in power plants, within a wide range of temperatures and pressures. It can safely and efficiently handle gas and liquid fuel, boiler feedwater, condensate, and similar elements. It has no high projecting yokes or bonnets, no exposed threads, no underhanging body to waste vital space. In complex piping systems, valves may be easily operated by centralized control. And there's no danger of leaks, even in gas piping systems, because of the valve's unique method of sealing.

NEEDLE VALVE
The Needle valve is a Volume vontrol Valve that restricts flow in small lines.The fluid going through the valve turns 90 Degree and passes through an orifice that is seat for a rod with cone shaped tip. The size of the orifice is changed by positioning the cone in relation to the seat. Needle valves are used to control flow into delicate gauges which might be damaged by sudden surges of fluid under pressure. Needle valves are also used to control the end of a work cycle, where it is desirable for motion to be brought slowly to a halt, and at other points where precise adjustments of flow are necessary and where a small rate of flow is desired.

NEEDLE VALVE

ANNULAR FLOW AREA

CHECK VALVE
Allows flow in only one direction Swing valve similar to butterfly except hinged along one edge rather than rotate about the diameter, used primarily for check valves.

CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE
PARTS
1. COVER 2. BODY

3. FLANGE
4. HINGE PIN 5. SEAT 6. DISK 7. HINGE ARM

YES

NO

CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE

PINCH VALVE
Pinch Valve is particularily suited for application of slurries or liquids with large amount of suspended solids. It seals by means of one or more flexible elements such as rubber tube that can be pinched to shut off flow. The pinch actuator can be either through Manual operation

Through Pneumatically operated PINCERS or

Through Air operation.

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

PINCH VALVE

SAFETY /RELIEF VALVE

Prevents Build up of Over Pressure in the system. Operates on its own after the Set-Point is reached.

Safety / Relief Valve

SAFETY / RELIEF VALVE

Solonoid Operated Valve

Valve Selection Criteria

FOOT VALVE

FOOT VALVE
Installed on the pump suction, Foot Valves prevent the pump column from draining upon pump shutdown. Silent during operating and normally closed, the valve has a center-guided disc with a Buna-N seat to provide a drip tight seal.

FOOT VALVE
COMPONENTS

1. BODY 2. VALVE DISC 3. FIXING BOLTS 4. FIXING SCREW\

5. STRAINER FLANGE
6. . 7. STRAINER

VALVE SYMBOLS
BUTTERFLY VALVE

BALL VALVE

GATE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

THANK
YOU