ANALYSIS OF INFILLED FRAMES WITH

AND WITHOUT OPENINGS

Presented by
Mohammad Saaduddin
1604-16-741-003

Under the supervision of

Mr. Md Zabiullah
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 CRITICAL APPRAISALS
 NEED OF THE STUDY
 OBJECTIVE
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 METHODOLOGY
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

 Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with masonry infill walls have been widely
constructed for commercial, industrial and multi storey residential uses in seismic
regions

 Masonry infill typically consists of bricks or concrete blocks constructed between

beams and columns of a reinforced concrete frame

 The masonry infill panels are generally not considered as structural components in the
design process and treated as architectural (non-structural) components.

 Nevertheless, the presence of masonry infill walls has a significant impact on the
seismic response of a RC frame building, increasing structural strength and stiffness
(relative to a bare frame

 If properly designed, infill can increase the overall strength, lateral resistance and
energy dissipation of the structure and reduces the lateral deflections and bending
moments in the frame, there by decreasing the probability of collapse
INTRODUCTION
 The structural contribution of infill wall results into stiffer structure
thereby reducing the storey drifts (lateral displacement at floor level). This
improved performance makes the structural design more realistic to
consider infill
 The opening size of the infill has a significant influence on the
fundamental period, inter-storey drift ratios, infill stresses and the
structural member forces. Generally, they increase as the opening size
increases, indicating that the decrease in stiffness is more significant than
the decrease in mass.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Holmes (1961)
 He studied experimentally on steel frames infilled with brick masonry and
reinforced Concrete walls and developed semi empirical design method for
laterally loaded infilled Frames based on equivalent strut concept.

 His tests suggested that reinforced concrete walls increase the strength of frame by
400% whereas the brick masonry infills increase around 100%.

 He indicated that the presence of vertical load increased the strength by about 15%
and that openings in walls might reduce strength up to 40% based on the composite
behaviour.

 He states that the width of equivalent strut to be one third of the diagonal length of
infill, which resulted in the infill strength being independent of frame stiffness.

w = dz/3 (Where, dz = Diagonal length of infill panel)

Goutam Mondala and Sudhir K. Jain (2008)
 The present study proposes a reduction factor for effective width of diagonal strut
over that of the solid (RC) infilled frame to calculate its initial lateral stiffness
when a central window opening is present.

 It was found that that the effect of opening on the initial lateral stiffness of infilled
frames should be neglected if the area of opening is less than 5% of the area of the
infill panel, and the strut-width reduction factor should be set to one, i.e., the frame
is to be analyzed as a solid infilled frame.

 The effect of infill on the initial lateral stiffness of infilled frame may be ignored if
the area of opening exceeds 40% of the area of the infill panel, and the strut-width
reduction factor should be set to zero, i.e., the frame is to be analyzed as a bare
frame.

 The proposed reduction factor is applicable for infilled frame with normal
openings. Extreme cases where openings are extended to full height or full width of
the infilled frame cannot be covered by the proposed reduction factor.
Kasım Armagan Korkmaz et al (2007)

 In the present study, the infill walls are under investigation via nonlinear
analyses. To determine the earthquake performance of the structural
systems, nonlinear static pushover analyses are used instead of time history
analyses.

 The results of elastic analysis show that the presence of non-structural

masonry infill walls can modify the global seismic behaviour of framed
buildings to a large extent.

 Irregular distributions of masonry infill walls in elevation can result in

unacceptably elastic displacement in the soft storey frame.
Syed Farooquddin at el., (2012)
 In this study, the effect of single or multiple openings (Door and Windows
with various combinations) on the lateral stiffness of Infill Frame is
investigated.

 Further the analysis is also carried out for different modulus of masonry
values ranging from (500MPa to 8000MPa). The amount of reduction in
lateral stiffness of infilled frame for various combinations of multiple
openings is reported.

 Subsequently it is also observed that any change in modulus of masonry

significantly affects the lateral stiffness of the Infill Frame. In view of this
an equation is proposed to relate the modulus of masonry with stiffness.

 Results indicate that the modulus of masonry is directly proportional to

the stiffness of the Infilled Frame i.e., as the Modulus of Masonry
increases the Lateral Stiffness increases.
Wakchaure M.R, Ped S. P (2012)
 In this study the effect of masonry walls on high rise building is studied. Linear
dynamic analysis on high rise building with different arrangement is carried out.

 Earthquake time history is applied to the models. The width of strut is calculated
by using equivalent strut method. Various cases of analysis are taken. All analysis
is carried out by software ETABS.

 Base shear, storey displacement, story drift is calculated and compared for all
models.

 The results show that infill walls reduce displacements, time period and increases
base shear. So it is essential to consider the effect of masonry infill for the seismic
evaluation of moment resisting reinforced concrete frame
 Rahul P. Rathi , Dr. P.S. Pajgade (2012)

 Present study is an attempt to access the performance of RCC

frame with infills panels by considering college building (G+3) for
modelling of frame and Infills.

 Modelling of infills is done as per actual size of openings with the

help of equivalent diagonal strut method for the various model
such as bare frame, infill frame and infill frame with centre and
corner opening

 Results indicate that Infill panels have a large effect on the

behaviour of frames under earthquake excitation. In general, infill
panels increase stiffness of the structure , deflection in case of
centre opening is large compare to corner opening.

 In column without considering infill wall effect the value of Shear

force, Bending moment ,AST is very large compared to fully infilled
frame and infilled with opening
Prof. Nikhil Agrawal and Prof. PoojaRaut (2013)

 In this research work, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5)located

in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame.

 This linear static analysis is to be carried out on the models such as bare
frame, strut frame, strut frame with centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-PRO from which different
parameters are computed.

 In which it shows that infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure.
While the increase in the opening percentage leads to a decrease on the
lateral stiffness of in filled frame.
Prof. P.B Kulkarni at el., (2013)
 In the present study, it is attempt to access the performance of masonry
infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with open first storey of with and
without opening.

 In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located in

seismic zone-III.

 From this present result, deflection is very large in case of bare frame as
compare to that of Infill frame with opening

 Due to the effect of infill wall the deflection has reduced drastically and
also deflection is more at last storey because earthquake force acting on it
more effectively.

 Deflection in case of centre opening is large compare to corner opening.

 Ashok Kumar R at el., (2014)
 In the presence of openings in walls, which is more practical, the behaviour of
infill changes ,therefore to compensate the effect of openings, stiffeners are
provided.

 The primary objective of this paper is to study the effect of stiffeners on the lateral
stiffness of infilled frames with openings.

 In the study investigation is made on different types of stiffeners. Infilled frames

are stiffened by stiffener around the opening and analyzed using ANSYS.

 From the results obtained, it is observed that stiffness offered by infilled frame
increases with an increase in the thickness of stiffener band and thus increases the
lateral stiffness offered by the masonry and compensate the reduced stiffness due
to opening.
Mohammad H. Jinya, V. R. Patel (2014)
 In this study, central opening are provided in periphery wall with different percentage
i.e. 15% and 25% and brick compressive strength are used as per IS : 1905-1987 i.e. 5.0
and 12.5 N/mm2 and Brick Masonry strength is 0.50 and 1.06N/mm2.

 In ETABS software G+9 R.C.C framed building models has been prepared, Seismic
coefficient method(SCM) and time-history(TH) has been performed for analysis as per
IS 1893:2002.

 Story displacement, base shear, story drift, axial force with and without soft story
considering effect of infill walls with different percentage of opening are the parameters
considered in this study.

 From this analysis it can be concluded that diagonal strut will change the seismic
performance of RC building. Axial force in column increased, story displacement and
story drift are decreased and base shear is increase with higher stiffness of infill. If in
the ground level at least periphery wall is provide then soft story effect can be
minimized.

 It can also be concluded, the increase in the percentage of opening leads to a decrease
in the lateral stiffness.
Adel Ziada at el., (2015)

 The present paper presents a numerical study using the software computer package
SAP 2000 to investigate the effects of masonry infill on the seismic performance of
RC framed buildings located in a moderate seismic risk area in Algeria.

 For this purpose, a number of nonlinear static (pushover) analyses have been
performed on spatial bare structures, fully and partially infilled structures.

 The infills have been modelled with two crossed diagonal struts able to represent
the contribution under compression of the panels subjected to dynamic loading
along two main directions.

 The results of the analyses indicate that the infills can have a beneficial effect on
the structural response, provided that they are placed regularly throughout the
structure. Furthermore, the probability of failure of the infilled frames with
regularly distributed infill is smaller than that of the bare frames.
Anusha H, Shilpa V.B (2016)

 This study investigates the effect of masonry infill wall to check non linear
behaviour of RC frame building. For this purpose, three RC frame buildings
of G+9

 In this study six different models of shapes (Square ,L,U) with and without
infilled walls RC frame buildings of G+9 are considered to find effect of infill
wall to check non linear behaviours

 It has been found that the calculation of seismic forces without considering
the infill walls in the RC frames will leads to the underestimation of the base
shear.

 The performance of the Square, L and U shape structures with infill walls was
considerably superior to that of bare frame.
Shivraj Tambake at el., (2017)

 The study includes determination of seismic parameter like base shear, storey drift, storey
displacement, hinge states are studied for different models and the conclusions are made.

 The RC frame is designed as per IS 456-2000 and the Static Non Linear Analysis is done
using ETABS. For the study purpose, five selected buildings models with different
percentages of openings were considered

 It was found that with increase in the percent of opening ,storey drift and storey displacement
values for different models increases, presence of masonry infill allows higher stiffness and
base shear when compared to the bare frame model. and these go on reducing as the size of
the opening presence in the frame increases.

 Model with o% opening is giving least roof displacement at performance point compared to
the other models.

 The effect of the opening can be neglected if area of opening is <5% of area of infill and
effect of infill may be neglected if area of opening exceeds 30% of area of infill panel, as
masonry infilled frame with 30% opening exhibits the bare frame behavior
A. Dongre, R. Pradeepkumar (2017)
 In this research study, effect of opening and aspect ratio on overall behaviour of building has
been studied.

 From this analysis, it can be observed that increase in aspect ratio contributes in reduction in
strength and stiffness of wall.

 We can say that aspect ratio is inversely proportional to strength of the wall for the cases
considered in this study. Thus, less aspect ratio gives more load carrying capacity to the wall

 Position of opening in walls also plays an important role in overall strength and stiffness of
wall. Window Opening in centre of wall reduces strength of wall by 50%; whereas door
opening in left side of wall reduces strength of wall by 46% and door opening in the middle of
the wall reduces strength to 36% when compared with the strength of the wall without any
opening.
From the above literature following
conclusion are made:
 The infill wall predominantly changes the behaviour of the structure
and it is essential to consider infill walls for seismic analysis of
structure.
 Infill walls contribute in enhancing the structural strength & stiffness and energy
dissipation capacity of the frame. However, the contribution of partial infill
walls must be well identified so that while analyzing models for real structures, the
composite action of the frame and infill would be realized.
 The infills can have a beneficial effect on the structural response, provided that
they are placed regularly throughout the structure.
 In the RC frames,the infill walls reduce displacements, time period and increases
base shear.
 The increase in the opening percentage leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of
infilled frame.
 The deflection is very large in case of bare frame as compared to that of Infill
frame with opening.
 IS CODE PROVISIONS
 The earlier IS code IS1893-2002 did not gave any
provisions to consider the effect of infill.

 The revised code IS 1893-2016 (Part 1) recommends

to consider the effect of infill as equivalent diagonal
strut only for fully infilled frames.

 However the reduction of strut width for openings in

the infill panel has not been given.
CRITICAL APPRAISALS

 The earlier IS codes did not gave any provisions to consider the effect of infill.
However, the revised code IS 1893-2016 (Part 1) mentions about infills ,but did
not gave any guidelines for the analysis and design of the reinforced concrete
frames with openings in infill walls to assess the real behaviour of the structure
under seismic forces

 Goutam Mondala and Sudhir K. Jain, proposed a reduction factor for effective
width of diagonal strut to calculate initial lateral stiffness when a central window
opening is present,but extreme cases where openings are extended to full height or
full width of the infilled frame cannot be covered by the proposed reduction factor.

 Wakchaure M.R, Ped S. P ,In this study the effect of masonry walls on high rise
building is studied for bare frames and infilled frames but,the effect of openings is
ignored
CRITICAL APPRAISALS
 Syed Farooquddin at el., studied the effect of single or multiple openings (Door and
Windows with various combinations) on the lateral stiffness of Infill Frame and the
results indicated that the modulus of masonry is directly proportional to the stiffness of
the Infilled frame, but the study is limited to single storey, single bay hence, future work
ought to be performed on multi-bay, multi storey. Experimental studies can be carried out
to bring out the actual behaviour and Infilled frame with multiple openings.

 Ashok Kumar R at el.,In this study investigation is made on different types of stiffeners.
Infilled frames are stiffened by stiffener around the opening, but effect of different
percentages of multiple openings in the frame or the extreme cases is not considered.

 Anusha H, Shilpa V.B , They investigated the effect of masonry infill wall to check non
linear behaviour of RC frame building with different models of shapes (Square ,L,U)
with and without infilled walls ,but they did not considered the effect of openings in the
infiiled frames.
NEED OF THE STUDY
 Torsion in the buildings is due to the uneven distribution of plan,
mass and stiffness due to asymmetry ,leading to structural damages

 Torsional effects caused by irregular distribution of stiffness in

buildings is the result of inappropriate arrangement of walls, in other
words, centre of mass and centre of rigidity do not coincide.

 Sometimes, inspite of designing regular structures in elevation, due

to reducing or eliminating infill walls in adjacent floors, vertical
irregularity occurs and soft story is formed in an earthquake.

 The main aims is to evaluate the amount of detrimental effects of

infill walls including torsion and soft story in conventional buildings
based on provisions of seismic codes as well as influence of
openings in walls, to prevent irregularity effects of infills.
Torsion Irregularity:

A building is said to be torsionally irregular, when maximum horizontal

displacement of any floor in the direction of the lateral force at one of the
floor is more than 1.5 times its minimum horizontal displacement at the far
end in that direction (∆max > 1.5 (∆min) ), as per IS 1893:2002 (clause 7.1)
OBJECTIVE

1. To study the behaviour of the masonry infilled frame using the

Equivalent Diagonal Strut Method.

2. To study the influence of different percentages of openings on the

lateral stiffness of the frame.

3. To study the effect of torsional irregularity

4. To study the effect of Multi Storey R.C.C building under seismic

forces.

5. To find out the different seismic parameters such as storey drift,

storey displacement, torsion, base shear, time period etc using
response spectra analysis
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 Experiences of past earthquakes show that some designed and
constructed buildings by engineers have been damaged during
earthquakes because of negative effects of infill walls

 The building in construction condition may suffer torsion because infills

which are not modelled in design process are attached to the structure
in construction phase.

 In this study, models of (G+15) RCC Multi Storeyed Building is

Considered. Various irregularities like torsional irregularity, stiffness and
mass are considered ,without and with different percentages of
openings, to find effect of infill wall to check non linear behaviours.

 The models are analysed using ETABS16.0.2 software. Response

spectrum analysis is carried out in accordance with IS 1893:2002 (Part-
1)
METHODOLOGY
To stimulate the structural behaviour of infilled frames, two methods have
been developed such as micro model and macro model.

 Micro model method:- is a finite element method where the frame

elements, masonry work, contact surface, slipping and separation are
modelled to achieve the results. This method generate better results but it is
not gained popularity due to its cumbersome nature of analysis and
computational cost.

 Macro models method :-which is also called simplified model or equivalent

strut method was developed to study the global response of the infilled
frames. This method uses one or more struts to represent the infill wall. The
drawback of it is due to the lack of its capability to consider the opening
precisely as found in the infill wall.
Equivalent Diagonal Strut Method

 The simplest equivalent strut model includes a single

pin-jointed strut. Holmes who replaced the infill by
an equivalent pin-jointed diagonal strut made of the
same material and having the same thickness as the
infill panel suggest a width defined by,
w/d = 1/3

 Paulay and Priestley suggested the width of

equivalent strut as,
w = 0.25�
Where, d = Diagonal length of infill panel
w = Depth of diagonal strut
Area of strut is given by equation
Ae = W t
W= 0.175 (ʎ /H)^(-0.4 )D
 Stafford Smith and Carter (1969) proposed a Where,

theoretical relation for the width of diagonal Ei = the modules of elasticity of the infill material,
strut based on relative stiffness of infill and N/mm2

frame. Ef = the modules of elasticity of the frame

��� = 0.58 (1/�)^(−0.445) (�ℎ . ���� ) material, N/mm2
^(0.335)�(1/�)^(0.064)
Ic = the moment of inertia of column, mm4

t = the thickness of infill, mm

H = the Centre line height of frames

 Mainstone (1974) proposed a relationship for h = the height of infill
computing the width of the equivalent diagonal
strut, is given by. L = the centre line width of frames

l = the width of infill

D = the diagonal length of infill panel

θ = the slope of infill diagonal to the horizontal

Modelling of Infill Walls

 As it has been attempted to study overall detrimental effects of walls such as

torsion and soft story, so simulation is based on macro model. In this method
infill walls are modelled with an equivalent compression diagonal strut.

 In this study models of (G+15) RCC Multi Storied building is considered.

Various irregularities like torsional irregularity geometry, stiffness and mass are
considered without and with different percentages of openings, to find effect of
infill wall to check non linear behaviours.

 For the Purpose of Study Bare frame, Infilled frame, Soft Storey frame and
Frames with different Percentages of openings are considered

 The models are analysed using ETABS16.0.2 software. Response spectrum

analysis is carried out in accordance with IS 1893:2002 (Part-1)
REFERENCES
 Shivraj Tambake et.al (2017),” A Study on Seismic Analysis of Masonry Infilled RC Frames with and without
Opening”,IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Vol. 5

 Ashok Kumar R(2014),” Effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of infill frames with openings”, IJRET: International
Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume: 03

 IS 1893-2000, “Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure”, part1- General Provisions and
Building, Fifth Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2002.

 IS: 456- 2000, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plane and Reinforced Concrete, Fourth Revision, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2000

 Anusha H1 Mrs Shilpa V.B (2016) ,” Pushover Analysis of RC Building by Considering the Effect of infill wall to
check the Non linear behaviour”,IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4

 Goutam Mondala and Sudhir K. Jain, M.EERI(2006),” Lateral Stiffness of Masonry Infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Frames with Central Opening”

 A. Dongr), R. Pradeepkumar (2017), “effect of openings and aspect ratio on overall performance of rc framed brick
infilled building”, 16th World Conference on Earthquake, 16WCEE2017, Santiago Chile
REFERENCES
 Wakchaure M.R, Ped S. P (2012),” Earthquake Analysis of High Rise Building with and Without In filled Walls”,
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 2, August 2012

 Adel Ziada et.al, (2015),” The Effect of Masonry Infill Walls on the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete
Frames”, Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Innovations in Civil and Structural Engineering
(ICICSE'15) Istanbul (Turkey), June 3-4, 2015 pp. 264

 Syed Farooquddin et.al (2012),”lateral stiffness of infilled frame with door & window openings for varying
modulus of masonry”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-
Dec., 2012/123-125

 Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, United States, 1992

 Rahul P. Rathi 1, Dr. P.S. Pajgade, (2012),” Study of Masonary Infilled R.C. Frame With & Without Opening”,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 6, June-2012
THANK YOU