Dentinogenesis

PREPARED BY : SHISHIR LAMSAL
SIMRAN AGRAWAL
BDS-2014
SUBMITTED TO : Dr.ASHISH SHRESTHA
Dr. VINAY MARLA
OBJECTIVES
 General introduction of dentin and odontoblasts
 Dentinogenesis : Introduction
 Stages of dentinogenesis
 Various types of dentin
 Clinical significances
DENTINE
 Dentine is the mineralized tissue that forms the bulk of the
tooth. It contains of large numbers of small, parallel tubules in
a mineralized collagen matrix.
 Dentine is pale yellow in colour. Harder than bone and

cementum whereas softer than enamel.
 The gross composition of dentine is:

BY WEIGHT BY VOLUME
70% - Inorganic 50% -inorganic
20% - organic 30% - organic
10% - water 20% - water

ODONTOBLASTS
 Dentin-forming cells.
 Originate from the

ectomesenchyme, form a
single layer of cells between
the dentin and pulp.
 The cell body is located on

the pulpal wall of dentin and
the cellular process extends
into the dentinal tubule
within the mineralized dentin.
 The cell bodies are about 7

µm in diameter and 40µm
long
 The life cycle of odontoblast consist mainly of 3 stages:
1. Differentiating stage :
In the late bell stage, under the influence of
the inner enamel epithelium, the peripheral ectomesenchymal cells
differentiate into preodontoblasts.
-columnar shape, aligned along basement membrane
- basal nuclei
2. Formative stage :
-A single process enclosed in dentinal tubule (Tome’s fibre)
-Increases length with successive deposition of dentin
3. Quiescent stage :
-Odontoblasts decrease in size and function
-Dentin formation is reduced
-They now produce secondary or tertiary dentin
DENTINOGENESIS
Dentinogenesis is the process of formation of
dentin during the development of tooth.
1st event in dentinogenesis: Formation of

membrana performativa
It is the basement membrane separating the

inner enamel epithelium and dental papilla
which forms the future dentino-enamel junction
(DEJ).
Dentinogenesis contd..
 Dentin formation begins when the

tooth germ has reached the bell
stage of development.
 Dentine formation begins where

cusps will later be formed and
continues uniformly down the slopes
of the cusps and the walls of the
crown to the cervical loop – Coronal
dentin.
 Root dentine then forms as the root

sheath extends and odontoblasts
differentiate on its pulpal surface.
Dentinognesis contd..
 Dentinogenesis continues and the thickness of dentine increases
steadily until at a predetermined point it slows down dramatically
and secondary dentine is deposited slowly.
 Dentinogenesis is a continuous process, but for descriptive

purposes, can be subdivided into 5 stages :
1. Differentiation of the odontoblasts
2. Deposition of organic matrix
3. Mineralization and modification of the organic matrix
4. Peritubular and secondary dentine formation
5. Tertiary dentine formation in response to injury

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF ODONTOBLASTS
Odontoblast differentiation contd..
 The cells that will form dentine differentiate from ectomesenchyme

of the dental papilla and are of neural crest origin.
 Neural crest cells from appropriate location don’t differentiate to

form dentine unless they come in contact with dental epithelium.
 Differentiation is initiated and controlled by a series of epithelial

signals.The primary enamel knot is a signaling centre that forms at
the tip of the epithelial tooth bud.
 Factors like TGF, IGF and BMP are released from the inner enamel
epithelium and are taken up by the preodontoblast.
FACTORS INDUCING DIFFERENTIATION
1. IGF secreted by basal lamina

2. TGF, IGF and BMP secreted by IEE cells.
3. MAP1B gene has also been implicated in odontoblast
differentiation.
Other daughter cells not influenced by this factor forms

sub-odontoblast.
Sub-odontoblast forms reparative dentin later if at all
need arises.
Odontoblast differentiation contd..
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ODONTOBLASTS

 The cells increase in size
 Basal nucleus, farthest from IEE.
 The golgi complex becomes pronounced and positioned above
nucleus.
 The RER increases in size and becomes flattened parallel which
becomes long axis of the cell later.
 The elongation and prolongation of cell is accompanied by
redistribution of intracellular skeletal proteins actin,
vimentin,vinculin etc.
 Many small cell processes extend from differentiating odontoblasts.
Most are reduced later (except one). Some smaller ones link
odontoblasts with each other and to underlying cells in pulp.
2. DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATRIX
 Once fully differentiated, odontoblasts begin to secrete its
characteristic organic matrix.
 Collagen I was localized within rosette form ER compartments, the

golgi complex and large distinctive secretory granules.
 Phosphophorin is localized within the tubular ER, round shaped

transitional vesicles, the golgi complex and its narrow asymmetric
secretory granules.
 The matrix thus formed consists primarily of type I collagen fibrils

with dentine phosphoprotein (DPP) as the second most abundant
constituent.
Organic matrix deposition contd..
 Type I collagen and Dentin phosphophorin is released primarily
from the odontoblast cell body.
 The daily rhythmic, recurrent deposition of dentin matrix is

reflected by Incremental lines of Von Ebner. Accentuated
incremental lines are called Contour lines of Owen.
 Minor changes in orientation could be responsible for long-period

incremental lines called Andresen lines.
 The rate of dentine deposition can be altered by injury to the

nerves supplying the pulp.
 Dentine seems to be less vulnerable to dietary deficiency than

bone.
3. MINERALIZATION OF DENTINE
 Mineral phase first appears within the matrix vesicles.
 Odontoblast takes up the calcium and maintains its concentration

higher than in tissue fluid.
 Matrix vesicles contains enzymes like alkaline phosphatase which

locally increases the concentration of phosphates and these
combine with calcium taken up from tissue fluid to form apatite
within it.
 The deposition of mineral lags behind the organic matrix formation

so that a layer of predentin is always found between the
odontoblasts and the mineralization front.
CONTROL OF MINERALIZATION
 Odontoblasts help in the control of mineralization by:
1. Calcium uptake & production of matrix vesicles which helps in

initiation.
2. Osteonectin produced by odontoblasts can inhibit the growth

of hydroxyapatite crystals and promote calcium and
phosphate binding to collagen whereas osteopontin promotes
mineralization.
3. Producing various proteoglycans which prevent the

premature calcification of predentin.
 DPP helps in:
 transport of calcium to the mineralization front.
Aggregation of collagen fibres
Stabilization and orientation of formed crystal
 Gla protein( gamma carboxyglutamic acid) containing protein and

phospholipids act as seeds or nucleators to attract and concentrate
calcium.
 Chondroitin sulfate prevent the transport of apatite crystals in

predentin but promote apatite binding to the collagen in
mineralized dentin.
PATTERN OF MINERALIZATION
A. GLOBULAR MINERALIZATION:
 It involves the deposition of crystals in several discrete areas

of matrix by heterogenous capture in collagen.
 As the crystal grows, globular masses are formed which fuse

to form a single calcified mass.
 This pattern is best seen in mantle dentin region.
 Size of globules increases with the increase in rate of dentin

deposition.
Pattern of mineralization contd..
B. LINEAR MINERALIZATION:
 This pattern occurs when the rate of formation of dentin

progresses slowly .
 The mineralization front appears more uniform.
 This pattern is seen in circumpulpal dentin.

FORMATION OF RADICULAR DENTIN
 The outermost layer of root dentin shows difference in the
collagen fiber orientation and organization, than that of
mantle dentin, because the collagen fiber from cementum
blend with those of dentin.
 It requires Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath around the

growing pulp to initiate the differentiation of root
odontoblasts
 The degree of mineralization of root dentin is less than that of

coronal dentin.
TYPES OF DENTIN
SECONDARY DENTIN:
Represent the dentin formed after root completion.
These are formed by the same odontoblast that formed primary
dentin and is laid down as the continuation of primary dentin
Contains fewer tubules than primary dentin
TERTIARY DENTIN:
Also called reparative, response or reactive dentin.
Localized formation of dentin in reaction to trauma such as
caries or restorative procedure
Rate of deposition depends on the degree of injury.
Types of dentin cntd..
PREDENTINE:
Adjacent to pulp tissue, 2-6 microns wide. NOT mineralized.
Predentine becomes dentin after mineralization.
INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN:
Seen when mineralization of dentin which begins in small
globular areas that fail to coalesce into a homogenous mass.
Resulted as zones of hypomineralization called globular dentin
or interglobular spaces
It is mostly seen in circumpulpal dentin just below the mantle
dentin , where the pattern of mineralization is largely globular.
it is defect in mineralization and not in matrix formation.
COMPARISION WITH AMELOGENESIS
 It is similar to amelogenesis in terms of shape and feature of
forming cells.
AMELOGENESIS DENTINOGENESIS
1. Unique organic matrix proteins 1. Collagenous organic matrix which is
which are lost during maturation. lost minimum during maturation.
2. Enamel matrix is mineralized 2. Lag period betwn. matrix depositio
immediately. No ‘preenamel layer’. and mineralization. ‘Predentin layer’
formed at dentin-pulp interface.
3. Enamel has more or less uniform 3. Dentine shows more variation :
structure. Mantle, granular and hyaline layer.
4. Enamel is fully formed prior to 4. Dentine is formed throughout life.

eruption. Not formed throughout life.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA:
This is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of tooth
development.
This condition causes teeth to be discoloured and
translucent.
DENTIN DYSPLASIA:
It is autosomal dominant genetic disorder of teeth
Characterized by presence of normal enamel but atypical
dentin with abnormal pulp and opalescent hue of teeth.
There is severe hypermobility of teeth and spontaneous
dental abscesses or cysts.
1. Interglobular spaces:
a- Do not contain dentinal tubules.
b- Do not contain type I collagen.
c- Are formed during the course of globular mineralization.
d- Are seen only in secondary dentin.
2. A major difference between secondary and primary dentine is that:
a- There is no predentine.
b- There is no hydroxyapatite.
c- There is no collagen fibers.
d- The dentinal tubules pass in wavier course through secondary dentine.
3. The interglobular dentin is found:.
a- Near the amelo-cemental junction.
b- In the root dentin.
c- Near the amelo-dentinal junction.
d- Near the dentino-cemental junction.
4. Which of the following is MOST likely to be found in the dentinal tubules:

a- Tomes' fibers.
b- Oxytalan fibers.
c- Tomes' process.
d- Thick collagen fibers.
5. Which of the following is considered as age changes?

a- Transparent dentin.
b- Cellular cementum.
c- Primary dentin.
d- Enamel spindle.
6. Dentine formed throughout life is :
a. Predentin
b. Primary dentin
c. Secondary dentin
d. Tertiary dentin
7. The organic lining of the calcified dentinal tubules is known as :
a. Lamina propria
b. Lamina lucida
c. Lamina limitans
d. Lamina densa
8. The 1st event in dentinogenesis is :
a. Formation of enamel
b. Formation of mantle dentin
c. Formation of membrana performativa
d. Formation of circumpulpal dentin
9. The least prominent organelle in differentiating odontoblast is :
a. Lysosome
b. Mitochondria
c. RER
d. Golgi apparatus
REFERENCES
 Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology ,13th edition
 Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology – B.K.B.Berkovitz,

Holland, Moxham; 4th edition
 Ten cate’s Oral Histology
 NBDE Question Bank

Dentinogenesis

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What are the main stages of dentinogenesis?

What are the main stages of dentinogenesis?

What are odontoblasts and what is their role in dentin formation?

What are odontoblasts and what is their role in dentin formation?

PREPARED BY : SHISHIR LAMSAL

 Various types of dentin

 Dentine is pale yellow in colour. Harder than bone and

 The gross composition of dentine is:

20% - organic 30% - organic

10% - water 20% - water

 Originate from the

 The cell body is located on

 The cell bodies are about 7

1st event in dentinogenesis: Formation of

It is the basement membrane separating the

 Dentin formation begins when the

 Dentine formation begins where

 Root dentine then forms as the root

 Dentinogenesis is a continuous process, but for descriptive

1. Differentiation of the odontoblasts

2. Deposition of organic matrix

3. Mineralization and modification of the organic matrix

4. Peritubular and secondary dentine formation

5. Tertiary dentine formation in response to injury

 The cells that will form dentine differentiate from ectomesenchyme

 Neural crest cells from appropriate location don’t differentiate to

 Differentiation is initiated and controlled by a series of epithelial

1. IGF secreted by basal lamina

Other daughter cells not influenced by this factor forms

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ODONTOBLASTS

 Collagen I was localized within rosette form ER compartments, the

 Phosphophorin is localized within the tubular ER, round shaped

 The matrix thus formed consists primarily of type I collagen fibrils

 The daily rhythmic, recurrent deposition of dentin matrix is

 Minor changes in orientation could be responsible for long-period

 The rate of dentine deposition can be altered by injury to the

 Dentine seems to be less vulnerable to dietary deficiency than

 Odontoblast takes up the calcium and maintains its concentration

 Matrix vesicles contains enzymes like alkaline phosphatase which

 The deposition of mineral lags behind the organic matrix formation

1. Calcium uptake & production of matrix vesicles which helps in

2. Osteonectin produced by odontoblasts can inhibit the growth

3. Producing various proteoglycans which prevent the

Aggregation of collagen fibres

Stabilization and orientation of formed crystal

 Gla protein( gamma carboxyglutamic acid) containing protein and

 Chondroitin sulfate prevent the transport of apatite crystals in

 It involves the deposition of crystals in several discrete areas

 As the crystal grows, globular masses are formed which fuse

 This pattern is best seen in mantle dentin region.

 Size of globules increases with the increase in rate of dentin

 This pattern occurs when the rate of formation of dentin

 The mineralization front appears more uniform.

 This pattern is seen in circumpulpal dentin.

 It requires Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath around the

 The degree of mineralization of root dentin is less than that of

4. Enamel is fully formed prior to 4. Dentine is formed throughout life.

4. Which of the following is MOST likely to be found in the dentinal tubules: